方塔园:空间认知与设计入门

Square Pagoda Garden:An Introduction to Spatial Analysis and Design

2021年春季学期,上海交通大学建筑系设计基础课(本科一年级)与同济大学建筑实验班(本科二年级)进行联合教学,共同选择"方塔园"为课题,制订不同路径的教案以开展认知调研与设计,并通过组织线上公共讲座、两校老师交换评图、教学成果联合展览研讨会及后续公开教学沙龙等形式,相互交流,一同探索"方塔园作为建筑设计基础教学课题"的多种可能性.文章介绍了上海交通大学建筑系设计基础课教案的提出、设计与开展过程,并总结了联合教学后对教案的反思.方塔园不但有宋塔、明壁、清殿等丰富的历史遗存,1978年建园时的规划与设计,更由中国近现代著名建筑师及建筑教育家冯纪忠先生主持.冯先生提出的"建筑空间组合原理"的教学实践,虽在"文革"时遭到批判,却有幸在改革开放之初的方塔园设计中运用与实施.以现代空间设计手法,将历史遗存、自然景观、新建建筑整合为一体,在当时极具开创性,也为现今建筑设计初学者理解古与新、东方与西方、建筑与景观、基地与场所、整体与局部等复杂关系之间的平衡,提供亲身体验的场所.这是学习空间设计原理的优秀范例,值得在教案设计上进一步探索与尝试.

In the Spring semester of 2021,the Architectural Design Basics Course for freshmen at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU),conducted a joint teaching with the architectural experimental class of sophomores at the Tongji University,choosing the same subject of Square Pagoda Garden,but developing different programs to carry out investigations,researches,and designs.The two teaching groups kept communication through public lectures on ZOOM,exchange of teachers at final reviews,joint exhibitions of students’ works,and public seminars as well as salon discussions on teaching program design,etc.Both aimed at exploring the possibilities of how the Square Pagoda Garden could be regarded as an important subject for the teaching of architectural design basics.This article introduces the development of the teaching program on the SJTU side.Why did we choose the Square Pagoda Garden?How did we design the program?And what improvements should be made after the joint teaching?We consider that the Square Pagoda Garden not only has rich historical remains including a Song pagoda,a Ming gateway,and a Qing temple,but also planned and designed since 1978 by Feng Jizhong,a famous modern Chinese architect and architectural educator.Although the "P rinciple of Spatial Organization in Architecture" that Feng proposed and advocated at Tongji was criticized during the Cultural Revolution,fortunately,it was adopted and implemented in Square Pagoda Garden upon China’s Reform and Opening-up.Following the modern spatial principles,the historical remains,natural landscapes,and new structures were integrated well with each other.This project is regarded as a pioneer work of Chinese modernism at the time.Moreover,it provides a place for architectural students today to experience in person the subtle balance between complicated relationships such as the old and the new,the east and the west,architecture and landscape,and part and whole.It is proven to be a key subject for the studies of spatial design and analysis,and is worthy of further experimentation in the teaching of architectural design basics.