沙巴主权争端与美国的应对政策(1961—1969)

The Sabah Dispute and the U.S.Policy Responses(1961-1969)

1962年6月22日,菲律宾政府对沙巴地区提出主权索求,开启了菲英(马)领土争端的漫长历程。菲律宾政府一方面要求与英(马)政府进行对话,另一方面积极寻求美国的支持,欲拉拢其进行干预。面对英菲两个盟友之间的领土争端,肯尼迪政府采取了不干涉的立场,并以和平调停者的身份进行调解。约翰逊政府基本继承了其前任的政策,只是根据国际地区局势的变化在策略上有所调整,一方面对菲律宾和马来西亚进行安抚和调解,另一方面积极动员两国的亚洲邻国参与调停。1968年菲律宾以法律形式肯定对沙巴领土的主权,使得菲马对立达到高潮。约翰逊政府置身事外的立场,激化了菲律宾的反美情绪。在冷战背景和越南战争的影响下,美国政府出于其东南亚战略考量,自始至终都未对沙巴主权争端给予重视,这加剧了美菲特殊关系的疏离。美菲关系因沙巴问题而出现的波动,不仅体现了两国国家利益取舍的不一致,更显示出国际社会中大国与小国关系的非对称性。美国政府在干预国际事务中的利己立场,在客观上为第三世界力量的凝聚和东南亚区域协调机制的建构和发展提供了契机。

The Macapagal Administration proclaimed the Philippine sovereignty over the Sabah region on June 22,1962,which initiated a long process of territorial disputes between the Philippines and Britain(Malaysia).Because of its weak strength,the Philippine government decided to take actions in two ways.On the one hand,it called for conducting a dialogue with the British(Malaysian)government on the high ground of‘justice’.On the other hand,it actively sought the U.S.government for interfering in the Sabah dispute.In the face of the dispute between the British and the Philippines,the Kennedy Administration chose to adopt a non-intervention stance and mediated as a peaceful mediator.The Johnson Administration continued his predecessor’s stance,but only made certain adjustments tactically on the basis of the change of the regional situation in Southeast Asia.He actively mobilised the neighbouring countries of the Philippines and Britain(Malaysia)to take part in the mediation.His actions led to a resistance in the Philippines and triggered an anti-American climax in the Philippine society.Under the influence of the Cold War and the Vietnam War,the Kennedy Administration and the Johnson Administration did not pay much attention to the Sabah dispute because of the U.S.strategic considerations in Southeast Asia.The U.S.approach has further exacerbated the alienation process of its special relationship with the Philippines,and stimulated the construction and development of regional coordination mechanisms in Southeast Asia.