科学的无限与有限:科技政策线性模式困境及复杂性转向

The Infinite and Finite of Science:The Dilemma and Complexity Turn of the Linear Model of Science and Technology Policy

万尼瓦尔·布什的报告《科学—没有止境的前沿》奠定了战后美国科技政策的理论基础,并深刻影响了其他国家科学政策构建。但是,科学政策线性模式广受争议,受到实证主义与机械论哲学思潮影响,倾向于线性因果链和秩序观基础上的完全理性模式,忽视了从科学技术向市场应用转换过程中多行动者之间的多重相关性、互动性以及政策实施环境的不可控性等复杂性特征。至20世纪70年代,许多国家已经摒弃了这种思想并在实践中进行变革。新形势下,我国应破除科技政策线性思维,注重科学、技术、社会之间的多重相关性与复杂性特征,建立多元综合性科技政策范式。

Vannevar Bush’s report“Science:The Endless Frontier”laid the theoretical foundation for post-war American science policy and profoundly influenced the construction of science policies in other countries.However,the linear model of science policy is widely controversial,and under the influence of positivist and mechanistic philosophical trends,leans towards a completely rational model based on the linear causal chain and the concept of order.It ignores the complex characteristics of multiple correlations,interactions between multiple actors in the process of transforming from science and technology to market applications,and the uncontrollability of the policy implementation environment.By the 1970 s,many countries had abandoned this idea and made changes in practice.Under the new situation,our country should get rid of the linear thinking of science and technology policy,pay attention to the multiple correlation and complexity characteristics between science,technology,and society,and establish a diversified comprehensive science and technology policy paradigm.