中国检察官司法的特点和风险——基于认罪认罚从宽制度的观察与思考

Features and Risks of Chinese Prosecutors’ Judiciary

检察官司法是相对于独立的法官司法而言的,其核心特征是享受公诉权的检察官事实上决定刑事案件的结局。从比较法上看,检察官司法大体上可以分为两种模式:一种是日本的检察官主导模式,另一种是美国、欧洲等国家的检察官审判模式。我国2018年《刑事诉讼法》规定的认罪认罚从宽制度从功能上赋予了检察官对刑事案件定罪量刑的决定权,其实质是中国版的检察官司法,蕴藏着认罪认罚的自愿性、真实性以及案件处理的公正性难以得到保证三大风险。近年来,最高人民检察院试图对认罪认罚从宽制度进行某些“技术性改良”,但不太可能改变其作为检察官司法的特质。深入推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革,有效化解认罪认罚从宽制度所蕴藏的风险,将是中国刑事司法改革的长期课题。

The prosecutor justice is relatively defined as functional equivalent to the independent judge’s justice.Its core feature is that the public prosecutor actually decides the outcome of criminal cases.From the perspective of comparative law,it can be roughly divided into two modes:one is Japan’s prosecutor-led model,the other is the prosecutorial adjudication model in the United States,Europe and other countries.The leniency system for admitting guilt and accepting punishment stipulated in the 2018 Criminal Procedure Law of China functionally empowers the public prosecutor to decide on conviction and sentence in criminal cases.The essence of which is the Chinese version of prosecutor justice,where three major risks are enshrined,ie,the voluntariness as well as truthfulness of admitting guilt and accepting punishment,and the fairness of final handling of cases cannot be guaranteed.In recent years,the Supreme People’s Procuratorate has attempted to make some "technical improvements" to the system,but it is unlikely to change its nature as prosecutor justice.It will be a long-term issue for China’s criminal justice reform to further promote the reform of the criminal procedure system centered on trial and effectively resolve the risks contained in the leniency system for admitting guilt and accepting punishment.