“因航而兴”的湖南沅水流域古城镇空间分布特征及影响因素

Spatial Distribution Features and Influencing Factors of Ancient Towns Prospered by Shipping in Yuanshui River Basin of Hunan

沅水流域古城镇的规模、兴衰都与水运有着密切的联系。采用ArcGIS空间分析和SPSS统计工具,对筛选出满足四个条件的233个古城镇空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析,结果表明:(1)湖南沅水流域古城镇沿辐聚状水系呈叶脉分布,具有多中心集群分布趋势,由流域东北部向西、北部递增的特征明显;古城镇职能类型呈“条带状与团块状并存”分布格局。(2)219个古城镇分布在与航道距离15 km的范围内,占94%,体现出极强的航道依赖性。(3)湖南沅水流域古城镇的空间关联以正相关类型为主,总体为“干支流沿线热,与航道距离远冷”;热点区多分布于支流航道交汇处,即沅水干流、酉水、武水、辰水航道,空间集聚性较强;1985年古城镇的空间关联以负相关类型为主,空间异质性特征较强。(4)资源禀赋是影响沅水流域古城镇分布的基础性因素;基于区位和水运条件,古城镇形成并逐步演化出军事、政治、商贸等职能;随着城镇集聚、职能类型的丰富,军事、政治、商贸职能之间相互影响、相互转化。探寻湖南沅水航道沿岸古城镇的分布规律及历史文化特性,对古城镇的发展及多重文化保护提出建议,以期为今后沅水流域古航道的航运复航及古城镇振兴等研究提供理论依据。

The scale,rise and fall of ancient towns in Yuanshui River basin are closely related to water transportation.Using ArcGIS and SPSS,this paper analyzes the spatial distribution features and influencing factors of 233 ancient towns(meet four conditions).The results show that:1) The ancient towns in the Yuanshui River basin of Hunan show the riveroriented and multi-center cluster distribution characteristics and the increasing trend from the northeastern part of basin to the west and north.The functional type of ancient towns presents the distribution pattern of stripe and plot-like shape.2)219 ancient towns,accounting for 94%,are within a distance of 15 km from the waterway,showing a strong waterway dependence.3) The spatial correlation of ancient towns in Yuanshui River basin of Hunan is mainly positive.Hot spots of ancient towns are along the mainstream and tributaries,cold spots are distant from the waterway".More specifically,hot spots are mostly distributed at the intersection of tributary waterways,that is the main stream of Yuanshui River,Youshui River,Wushui River and Chenshui River,showing a strong spatial agglomeration pattern.Yet in 1985,the spatial correlation of ancient towns was mainly negative,with a strong spatial heterogeneity.4) Resource endowment has a fundamental impact on the distribution of ancient towns in Yuanshui River basin.Location and waterway condition profoundly influence the growth of ancient towns,ancient towns gradually have other functions such as military,political and commercial.As the agglomeration of ancient towns and enrichment of functional types,military,political and commercial functions affect and interact with each other.The paper explores the distribution laws as well as historical and cultural characteristics of ancient towns along Yuanshui River basin(in Hunan),and gives suggestions to the development of ancient towns and the protection of multiple cultures,with a view to providing a theoretical basis for future researches on the reactivation of ancient channels in Yuanshui River basin and the revitalization of ancient towns.