从功臣到“祸首”:明清时期姚广孝形象的变迁

From a Meritorious Official to"an Archcriminal":Changes in the Image of Yao Guangxiao during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,姚广孝的形象经历了从明代前期道德、学问、人品俱佳的“靖难”和“新明朝”功臣元勋,到宣德中期以后兼具儒学之敌的功臣元勋,再到嘉靖年间作为儒学之敌的功臣元勋的僧人,最后至清朝乾隆年间成为策划“靖难”之役叛乱的“祸首”的曲折变迁。明清时期姚广孝的形象变迁基本上由朝廷主导,官民士人从而衍之,但官民士人的形塑有时也影响了朝廷的形象建构。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the images of Yao Guangxiao experienced several changes.Initially,his image was a meritorious official with good morality,scholarship and personal traits in"the Jingnan Campaign"and"New Ming Dynasty"during the earlier years of the Ming Dynasty.Later his image shifted to a meritorious official who simultaneously opposed Confucianism in the middle time of Xuande.Then his image switched to that of a monk being a meritorious official as an enemy of Confucianism in the time of Jiajing.Finally,his image became that of "an archcriminal"who plotted the revolt in"the Jingnan Campaign"during the Qianlong time of the Qing Dynasty.The Imperial Court played a dominant role in influencing the changes of his image,wherein officials,scholars and civilians followed suit,and vice versa.