残酷戏剧、感性革命与冷战中的精神分析话语——解读生活剧团的阿尔托式戏剧

Theatre of Cruelty, Revolution in Sensibility, and Psychoanalysis in the Cold War Period——An Interpretation of the Living Theatre’s Artaudian Theatrical Practices

生活剧团在美国先锋戏剧史和文化政治史上被看作20世纪60年代的精髓,他们典型风格的形成得益于残酷剧论的启示。剧团与残酷剧论的相遇发生在20世纪50、60年代之交,正值欧美二战后社会转型和伦理重建活动的转折期,戏剧革新与文化运动均提出治疗个人与社会文化的诉求,而蓬勃发展的精神分析方法为这些诉求提供了丰富却歧义丛生的语汇。精神分析话语影响了生活剧团理解和诠释残酷剧论的方式,激励他们发展出两种感性革命的戏剧样式:仪式戏剧和街头剧。两种表演方式都建立在戏剧唤起感觉,使个人和社会恢复生命力并实现转变的承诺上。这一承诺彰显出精神分析话语与残酷剧论结合的潜力和张力:精神分析话语既有助于戏剧释放潜能,打破传统伦理框架,又给生活剧团进行的戏剧/文化革新与伦理探索架设了玻璃天花板。

The Living Theatre is considered the quintessence of the 1960s in the history of American avant-garde theater and cultural politics, and the formation of its typical style was inspired by the Theater of Cruelty. The theatre company’s encounter with the theory occurred at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, a period of social transformation and ethical-reconstructing activities in Europe and the United States after World War II, when both theatrical innovation and cultural movements made demands for the healing of individuals and social culture, and the burgeoning psychoanalytic approach provided a rich but ambiguous vocabulary for these demands. Psychoanalytic discourse influenced the way that The Living Theater understood and interpreted the Theater of Cruelty, inspiring them to develop two sensually revolutionary theater styles: ritual theater and street theater. Both performance styles are built on the promise of theatre to evoke feeling, to bring individuals and societies back to life, and to bring about transformation.This commitment highlights the potential and tension of the combination of psychoanalytic discourse and the Theater of Cruelty: psychoanalytic discourse both helps theatre to unleash its potential and break the traditional ethical framework and puts a glass ceiling on the theatrical/cultural innovation and ethical exploration undertaken by the Living Theatre.