当事人适格的现代化转型

Modern Transformation in the Standing of the Parties in a Legal Case

当事人适格的定义应当置于实体法、诉讼法和宪法三个层面来综合界定,由此发掘出当事人适格的多重制度功能。当事人适格的法益基础是诉讼实施权,诉讼实施权又来源于处分权、管理权和法之利益。对当事人适格与否应当按照私法判断模型和公法判断模型的“两阶结构”进行司法判断,并应当用判决对当事人不适格进行实体性驳回。我国目前的当事人适格制度存在诸多弊端,包括将当事人适格作为起诉条件对待,人为抬高当事人起诉门槛;对当事人适格进行审查和判断的程序缺乏确定性和体系性;对当事人不适格没有多元、灵活的处置方式;对当事人不适格的最终处置模式没有明确规范;等等。为此,未来民事诉讼法修改时应当围绕问题进行针对性地回应和展开。

The definition of the standing of the parties should be comprehensively defined in the substantive law, the procedural law and the Constitution, so as to explore the multiple institutional functions of the standing of the parties. The litigant’s proper legal interests are based on the right of action, which originates from the disposition right, the management right and the legal interests. Judicial judgment concerning whether a party is eligible or not should be made according to the “two-level structure” of the private law judgment model and the public law judgment model, and the judgment should be used to dismiss the party’s claim based on the substantive laws because of the lack of standing. There are many drawbacks in China’s current system concerning the determination of the standing of the parties. For example, the standing is regarded as a condition for the lawsuit, which artificially raises the threshold of their action;the procedures for reviewing and judging the parties’ standing are deficient in independence, certainty and systematicity;there is a lack of diversified and flexible disposal methods for unqualified parties;and there is no clear specification for the mode of the final disposal of unqualified parties. For this reason, in the future amendment of the Civil Procedure Law, pertinent responses should be made to deal with these problems.