女真贵种与金代政治文明的演变

The Evolution of the Jurchen Nobles and the Political Civilization of the Jin Dynasty

金朝建国以前,随着女真社会血缘与地缘的相互结合,逐渐形成了以按出虎水完颜部为核心的世婚集团。世为婚姻的诸部长之家,形成女真社会的特权阶层,构成了女真贵种的主要来源。随着按出虎水完颜部地缘影响力的逐渐扩大,完颜姓族内部渐次分化,与之存有世婚关系的姓族,也因与完颜部亲疏不一,其内部出现了层级差异。女真贵种内部的分化与差异,成为金朝女真族政治等级形成的基础。金朝建国后,金熙宗为了巩固直系完颜的权势,维护以女真贵种为代表的女真民族的统治地位,采用“等威有别”的方式,将世婚集团内部差异进行制度化、定型化调整,不仅明确了完颜姓族的三个等级,而且女真后族群体最终也以两大集团、三个等级的形式呈现于世。这种颇具特色的政治等级结构,随着金朝中后期贵种家族的泛化和民族融合的深化,逐渐走向松动失序,但讫至金末,其对金王朝维护女真民族的统治地位,仍然起着重要作用。

Before the founding of the Jin dynasty,Jurchen society's combination of kinship and geographic relationship shaped a circle whose members married within the group for generations At the center of this circle was the Wanyan clan of Anchu Hushui.The families of the clan leaders in this circle formed a privileged class in Jurchen society and constituted the main body of the Jurchen nobility As the clan's geoinfluence grew,divisions grew up within it,and internal hierarchical differences also emerged in other clans who had intermarried with the Wanyan but had disagreements with them.This internal division and differentiation became the basis of the political hierarchy of the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty After the establishment of the dynasty,in order to consolidate the power of the lineal Wanyan clan and maintain the dominant position of the Jurchen nobles and the Jurchens in general,Emperor Xizong institutionalized an internal hierarchy within the circle of nobles,differentiating their levels and corresponding power He clearly defined the three levels of the Wanyan clan,and eventually the Jurchen nobles were divided into two groups and three levels In mid-and late Jin dynasty,noble families spread out and ethnic integration deepened,so their distinctive political hierarchy gradually loosened However,until the end of the Jin dynasty,the hierarchy continued to play an important role in maintaining the dominant position of the Jurchens.