文学主客体关系重审:马克思艺术生产论对萨特文论的影响

Reexamination of the Relationship between Subject and Object in Literature:the Influence of Marx’s Theory of Art Production on Sartre’s Theory of Literature

在马克思艺术生产论影响下,萨特突破了早期唯心主义文论观的局限,对文学生产者、消费者与产品三者关系进行了重审与深化:第一,摆正了文学活动中作者的主体意识及其所反映的客观现实的位置,使物质与精神间对象性关系在文论中达成了辩证统一(在倡导作家主体性的前提下,对作家及其作品间对象化的辩证关系有了清醒认识);第二,重审了文学消费者与文学作品间的关系,强调读者对作品进行再创造的重要性;第三,深入思考了文学生产者及其消费者间的关系,阐明了文学受众的消费活动对文学生产发展不可忽视的促进作用。萨特文论产生这种转变的原因有三:与马克思主义思想的对话为他接受马克思艺术生产论提供了理论基础;二战经历为他接受马克思艺术生产论提供了现实依据;20世纪文学生产实践为他接受马克思艺术生产论提供了行业视角。马克思艺术生产论对萨特的重要价值体现在纠正了他文学目标论的偏颇,拓展了他的文学功能观,延伸了他对艺术生产不平衡理论的理解。

Under the influence of Marx’s theory of art production,Sartre broke through the limitations of the early idealist literary theory,reviewed and even deepened the relationship between literary producers,consumers and products.Firstly,the author’s subjective consciousness and the objective reality reflected in literary activities are put in the right position,so as to achieve the dialectical unity of the objective relation between material and spirit in literary theory.(On the premise of advocating the subjectivity of writers,the dialectical relation of objectification between writers and their works is clearly understood.)Secondly,the relationship between literary consumers and literary works is reviewed,and the importance of readers’re-creation of literary works is emphasized.Thirdly,the relationship between literary producers and their consumers is deeply thought about,and the nonnegligible promotion effect of the consumption activities of literary audiences on the development of literary production is expounded.There are three main reasons for this important influence:First,the ideological dialogue with Marxism provides a theoretical basis for him to accept Marx’s theory of art production;Second,the experience of World War II provided a realistic basis for him to accept Marx’s theory of art production;Third,the practice of literary production in the 20 th century provided him with an industrial perspective for accepting Marx’s theory of art production.The important value of Marx’s art production theory to Sartre is reflected in correcting the bias of his literary goal theory,expanding his view of literary function and extending his understanding of the imbalance theory of art production.