砖瓦制造业粉尘职业健康风险评估技术应用研究

Occupational health risk assessment of dust hazard in brick and tile manufacturing industry

目的运用四种风险评估模型对砖瓦制造业粉尘职业健康风险进行评估,为砖瓦制造业重点职业病危害建立风险评估提供方法依据。方法以四川省18家典型砖瓦制造企业71个接尘岗位为对象,通过职业卫生调查、粉尘检测与接触评估,运用改良后定量分级法、综合指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)职业健康风险评估定量法、职业危害风险指数法四种风险评估方法,评估接尘岗位的健康风险。结果砖瓦制造接尘岗位职业健康风险结果分别为:改良后定量分级法风险等级范围为0-Ⅲ级,以Ⅰ级为主(接尘岗位数64个,占90.1%);综合指数法主要为中等风险(接尘岗位数55个,占77.5%)和高风险(接尘岗位数16个,占22.5%);ICMM定量法:主要为高风险(接尘岗位数46个,占64.8%)、非常高风险(接尘岗位数18,占比25.4%)和不可容忍风险(接尘岗位数7个,占9.9%);职业危害风险指数法以无危害(接尘岗位数33个,占46.5%)和轻度危害(接尘岗位数30个,占比42.3%)为主。综合指数法和ICMM定量法的风险结果一致性较好,方法间相互验证了风险结果的可信度与稳定性,其他方法评估结果间存在不稳定性。结论四种风险评估模型在砖瓦制造业粉尘职业健康风险评估中,游离SiO2含量、接触水平及接触情况为主要的风险参数,改良后定量分级法与风险指数法均考虑以上风险参数,其中风险指数法考虑的风险因素更为全面,综合指数法与ICMM定量法风险结果一致性较好。未来砖瓦制造业粉尘职业健康接触风险评估方法的建立与使用,除了考虑方法本身的适用性外,还应充分考虑基于行业类别与粉尘接触水平的方法修正。

Objective Using 4 health risk assessment models to assess the occupational health risk of dust hazards in the brick and tile manufacturing industry,and provide methodological basis for the choice of optimized model for risk assessment of key occupational hazards in this industry.Methods A total of 71 dust exposure positions in 18 typical brick and tile manufacturing enterprises in Sichuan Province were studied by field survey and the measurement of dust exposure level.Risk assessment of dust hazards was carried out using four risk assessment models,namely Improved Quantitative Grading Method,Comprehensive Index Method,International Council on Mining and Metals(ICMM)Occupational Health Risk Assessment Quantitative Method,and Occupational Hazard Risk Index Method.Results The results of the improved quantitative grading method showed that the risk level ranged from 0 toⅢ,and 90.1%(64)positions were ranked as level I.The comprehensive index method showed that most positions were ranked as medium risk(55,77.5%)and high risk(16,22.5%)The ICMM quantitative method showed that 46(64.8%),18(25.4%)and 7(9.9%)positions were ranked high risk,extremely high and intolerable risk,respectively.The occupational hazard risk index method showed that most positions were ranked as no hazards(33,46.5%)and minor hazards(30,42.3%)among the five risk levels.The horizontal comparison analysis of the four risk results showed that the risk results of the comprehensive index method and the ICMM quantitative method were in good agreement(P>0.05),and the methods mutually verified the reliability and stability of the risk results(P<0.01).There was an instability among the evaluation results derived from other two methods(P<0.01).Conclusions Major parameters used in these 4 health risk assessment models used in the brick and tile manufacturing industry were free SiO2content,the exposure level and actual exposure characteristics.Both the improved quantitative classification method and occupational hazard risk index method considered all above parameters.The occupational hazard risk index method considered more comprehensive risk factors,and the comprehensive index method and ICMM quantitative method had better consistency of risk results.In addition to considering the applicability of the method itself,full consideration should also be given to method amendments based on industry categories and dust exposure levels when the optimized occupational health risk assessment methods in the brick and tile manufacturing industry is chosen in the future.