侵犯商业秘密罪“情节严重”中的“重大损失”之探析

The "Heavy Loss" in the "Serious Circumstances" of the Crime of Trade Secret Infringement

《刑法修正案(十一)》将侵犯商业秘密罪的入罪门槛修改为“情节严重”,但形式上被删除的“造成重大损失”仍将是情节严重的重要形式之一。为了准确地适用本罪,有必要明晰重大损失的计算方案。为此需要以本罪的保护法益为逻辑起点,以实行行为对法益的不同破坏模式为框架来进行分析。本罪保护的法益,是权利人的优势竞争地位。当权利人直接处分商业秘密时,权利人直接凭借着商业秘密享有优势竞争地位;权利人也可根据商业秘密生产产品、提供服务等,在相应的经营行为中,权利人间接地凭借着商业秘密享有优势竞争地位。根据对法益破坏形式的不同,本罪实行行为可以被区分为单独破坏与混合破坏模式。单独破坏直接优势竞争地位时,根据许可使用费计算重大损失。单独破坏间接优势竞争地位时,根据销售利润损失计算重大损失。商业秘密整体灭失时,直接与间接优势竞争地位也同时丧失,可以根据商业秘密的评估价格计算重大损失。基于包括性评价的考虑,当同时存在多种计算模式时应择多认定,选择其中数额多的一方进行认定即可。

While the 11th Amendment to PRC Criminal Law changes the threshold of the crime of trade secret infringement to "serious circumstances", the "causing heavy losses" deleted formally will still be one of the important forms of serious circumstances. In order to apply to this crime accurately, it is necessary to clarify the calculation schemes of heavy losses. Hence, its analysis requires that the protected legal interests of this crime should be taken as the logical starting point, and the different destruction modes of the legal interests caused by the implementation behavior as the framework. The protected legal interests of this crime are the dominant competitive position of the right holder. When the obligee directly disposes of the trade secrets, he directly enjoys the competitively advantageous position. The obligee can also produce products and provide services according to the trade secrets, and hence he indirectly enjoys the position of competitive advantage in the corresponding business activities. According to the distinct destruction modes of legal interests, the implementation acts of this crime can be divided into the separate destruction mode and the mixed one. When the direct dominant position is destroyed alone, the heavy loss can be calculated according to the license fee.When the indirect dominant position is destroyed alone, the significant loss can be calculated according to the loss of sales profits. When the whole trade secret is lost, the direct and indirect competitive advantages disappear at the same time, and the heavy loss can be calculated according to the evaluated price of the trade secret. When there are multiple calculation modes at the same time, the party with the largest amount can be selected for determination on account of inclusive evaluation.