欧洲社会住宅发展和形态演变

The Development and Morphological Transformation of Social Housing in Europe

欧洲早期的工业革命和资本的高度集中带来了严重的资源分配不均和无序,由此带来的社会矛盾和资源的重组一直是城市社会住宅发展的核心问题。大量社会住宅的历史研究着重于社会道德、住宅经济和住房政策,往往忽略了建筑师在住宅社会化进程中对资源分配起到的正反两方面的作用研究。在当今中国城市住宅由“量”到“质”的转变过程中,有必要借鉴欧洲的发展经验和教训。本文从“开放建筑”理论角度,讨论欧洲社会住宅运动中住户(群体和个体)和住宅形态的关系,指出社会住宅是走向健康和可持续未来的基础,重新建立住户和住宅互动中的层级秩序,才是社会住宅设计成功的关键。

The early industrial revolution and the high concentration of capital in Europe brought about serious unequal and disordered distribution of resources.The resulting social conflicts and reorganisation of resources have been central to the development of social housing.A large number of historical studies on social housing have focused on social morality,housing economy and housing policy.The positive and negative impacts of architects on the allocation of resources allocation has often been overlooked in the process of housing socialisation.In the process transforming urban housing in China from "quantity" to "quality",it is necessary to learn from the development experiences and lessons of Europe.From the perspective of "Open Building" theory,this paper discusses the relationship between residents(groups and individuals) and housing forms in the European social housing movement.It points out that social housing is the basis for moving towards a healthy and sustainable future.The re-establishment of a hierarchical order of interaction between residents and housing is key to the success of social housing design.