论法定数字货币的法律性质及其监管

On the Legal Nature of Fiat Digital Currency and Its Supervision

法定数字货币,又称央行数字货币,是继比特币等私人数字货币出现后产生的新型法定货币。从发行主体角度出发,法定数字货币可分为面向公众发行的法定数字货币和面向金融机构发行的法定数字货币。关于货币的法律性质,通常有物权属性和债权属性两种观点。关于货币的物权属性和债权属性观点仅具有部分解释意义,难以解决现实中诸如货币所有权等问题,不利于对持币人财产权的保护。尤其是不同类型法定数字货币功能的差异以及智能合约的设置,让法定数字货币法律性质的认定更为复杂。法定数字货币是主权货币,具有公民财产权、国家财产权和国际财产权的综合属性,需要在此基础上构建监管规则。

Fiat digital currency, also known as central bank digital currency, is a new type of legal currency after the emergence of Bitcoin and other private digital currencies. From the perspective of issuers,fiat digital currency can be divided into legal digital currency issued to the public and legal digital currency issued to financial institutions. As for the legal nature of currency, there are usually two points of views:property right and creditor’s right. It is difficult to solve the problems such as the ownership of currency in reality, which is not conducive to the protection of the property rights of the holder. In particular, the different functions of different types of fiat digital currency and the setting of smart contracts make the legal nature of fiat digital currency more complex. Fiat digital currency is a kind of sovereign currency, which has the comprehensive attributes of civil property rights, national property rights and international property rights.