构建数据要素市场背景下数据确权与制度回应

Data Confirmation and Institutional Response in the Context of Building a Data Element Market

我国已明确提出要建构数据要素市场,在此种背景下有必要讨论数据产权问题,数据确权需考虑如何促进数据流动、如何体现公平分配、如何保障数据安全等基本问题。单一的权利结构理论难以解决数据权属问题,需要在分类分级的情况下,利用差异性制度进行产权安排。考虑将“数据利他理念”融入数据确权,创造开放数据产权制度。非开放数据以知识产权法予以保护,对不构成知识产权的数据则通过构建“所有权+用益权”的二元权属结构予以确权。同时考虑设计配套制度保障数据市场高效公平有序地运行,包括促进数据流通共享的竞争制度及数据信托制度,实现数据利益分配的调控制度及税收制度,维护数据权利的安全保障制度。

China has clearly proposed to create a data factor market. Under this background, it is necessary to discuss the issue of data property rights. The confirmation of data ownership needs to consider basic questions like how to promote data flow, how to reflect fair distribution, and how to ensure data security, etc.. The issue of data ownership is difficult to be resolved by the theory of single right structure,and needs to be arranged in the situation of classification and grading of the differential system. The concept of data altruism is considered to be integrated into data right confirmation, so as to create an open data property right system. And non-open data are protected by the intellectual property law, and the right of data that do not constitute intellectual property is confirmed by constructing the dual ownership structure of "ownership + usufruct". In addition, it is considered to design supporting systems to ensure the efficient,fair and orderly operation of the data market, including the competition system and data trust system of promoting data circulation and sharing, the dispatching system and tax system of achieving the distribution of data interests, and the security system of safeguarding data rights.