府院之争与1918年西北鼠疫防控

The Dispute Between the Office of the President and the State Council and the Prevention and Control of Plague in Northwest China in 1918

学界对北洋政府在1917—1918年鼠疫防控中的制度建设和山西阎锡山高效防疫动员给予很高评价。但由于对北洋政府应对疫情政治背景和实践逻辑缺乏整体把握,依然解释不清为何这次鼠疫最终仍演变成一场全国性重大疫情。实则,根本原因在于府院之争搅乱了防疫布局。丰镇骚动爆发后,丰镇防疫由何守仁负责,而伍连德则从丰镇调往绥远。但因伍连德并未接受这个安排,北洋政府又不得不增派全绍清到绥远防疫。直到2月中旬全绍清抵达绥远,北洋政府才开始从源头实施疫情防控。因此,有必要重新审视府院之争与西北鼠疫防控之间的复杂关系。

Scholars have given high praise to the institutional construction of the Beiyang government and the efficient anti-epidemic mobilization of Yan Xishan in Shanxi during the plague prevention and control of 1917—1918.However,due to the lack of an overall grasp of the political background and practical logic of the Beiyang government’s response to the plague,it is still not clear why the plague eventually evolved into a major national epidemic.In fact,the fundamental reason is that the layout of plague prevention was messed up by the dispute between the Office of the President and the State Council.After the outbreak of the Fengzhen turmoil,the plague prevention of Fengzhen was in the hands of He Shouren,while Wu lien-teh was transferred from Fengzhen to Suiyuan.But Wu did not accept this arrangement,so the Beiyang government had to send Quan Shaoqing to Suiyuan to preside over the plague prevention.Quan did not arrive in Suiyuan until mid-February.Since then,the Beiyang government had started to implement plague prevention and control from the source.Therefore,it is necessary to re-examine the complicated relationship between the plague prevention in northwest China and the dispute between the Office of the President and the State Council.