马穆鲁克王朝时期黑死病在埃及和叙利亚的传播及其影响

The Spread and Influence of the Black Death in Egypt and Syria During the Mamluk Dynasty

马穆鲁克王朝延续267年,而黑死病肆虐长达60年。基于伊斯兰教,当时的阿拉伯人认为,瘟疫是真主对人类的考验,应以宗教虔诚坦然面对。因此,在黑死病广泛流行的埃及和叙利亚地区,并未发生同一时期欧洲爆发黑死病期间的鞭笞者运动和对犹太人的大规模迫害。黑死病造成马穆鲁克王朝人口锐减、经济衰退,尤其使马穆鲁克军队遭受重创,进而导致马穆鲁克王朝的土地政策、货币和贸易政策、社会公共政策、政教关系、乌勒玛与民众之间关系的变化,边远地区则出现村民从农耕回归游牧的倾向。在黑死病持续肆虐下,马穆鲁克王朝在相对稳定中逐渐走向全面衰落,最终为奥斯曼帝国所灭亡。

The Mamluk dynasty ruled Egypt for 267 years,while the Black Death ravaged for 60 years.Based on Islam,Arabs believed that the plague was the test of faith from Allah to human beings,which should be faced calmly with religious piety.Therefore,Egypt and Syria,where the Black Death was widespread,did not witness the whipper movement and mass persecution of Jews that occurred during the outbreak of the plague in Europe at the same time.However,the Black Death caused a sharp decrease in population and economic recession of the Mamluk dynasty.It took a heavy toll on the Mamluk army,and resulted in the change of land policy,monetary and trade policy,social public policy,the relationship between politics and religion,and the relationship between Ulema and the people,as well as the tendency of villagers in remote areas to return from farming to nomadism.Under the continuous ravage of the Black Death,the Mamluk dynasty gradually declined in relative stability and was eventually wiped out by the Ottoman Empire.