论明代南京快船军役编佥方式的演变

On the Evolution of Military Service Mode of Kuai Ships of Nanjing Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty

明代中期,南京快船军役编佥采用轮役的方式,三年一差,快船军余亲身应役,或按照户等帮贴银两。万历十四年,南京兵部采用一条鞭法改革,将快船军余按照资产多寡编成快丁,征银解部,招募水夫应役,快船军“役”变成了发放工食的“缺”。水夫招募的范围主要限定在快船军余,编丁和雇役的对象表现出一致性,称为“派丁充夫”。快船雇役是军户世袭制度下有限制的雇募。一条鞭法改革减轻了快船军役的负担,但仍然延续了“配户当差”的体制,明代南京军、民系统保持着严格的区分。

In the middle of the Ming dynasty,the Kuai ships of Nanjing Military of War undertook the task to transport tribute,and the soldiers of the Kuai ships took service in person or paid others to replace them based on their household grades.In the 14 th year of Emperor Wanli’s reign,Nanjing Military of War adopted the reform of One Lash Method.The soldiers of Kuai ships were compiled into different units of Kuai Ding based on their assets,and the silver money was expropriated and sent to the Nanjing Ministry of War,which required the ministry to recruit sailors.Under the reform of One Lash Method,military service was turned into a paid position.The scope of sailor recruitment was mainly limited to soldiers of Kuai ships.Thus,the target group of Kuai Ding and employed sailors was identical,which was known as“first becoming a Kuai Ding to be qualified as a sailor”.Under the hereditary system of military household,sailors recruited by the Kuai ships were limited.The reform of One Lash Method had lightened the military service burden of the Kuai ships,but it still continued the system of“the specific kind of household taking the specific kind of service”,and the military and civilian systems of Nanjing maintained a strict division in the Ming dynasty.