名称变迁视角下的德国民俗学史

The History of German Folklore from the Perspective of Name Change

基于德语单词Volk的“民族”和“俗民”两重意思,自18世纪末开始,德国浪漫主义者在名为Volkskunde的民俗学框架内,通过民间歌谣等民俗事象来寻求德国的民族精神。第三帝国时期,Volkskunde的民族主义色彩恶化为种族主义导向,民俗学沦为纳粹党的政治工具。第二次世界大战后,德国民俗学逐渐摒弃Volkskunde一词,但始终未能形成另一个统一的新名称。在反思历史的基础上,德国民俗学的新研究范式打破了旧学科在地域、时间、阶层等视阈的局限,形成了三种新的称谓,即以文化社会功能为导向的“经验文化学”、以文化异质性与变迁性为导向的“欧洲民族学”和以文化哲学意义为导向的“文化人类学”。

Based on the dual meanings of“nation”and“common folk”of the German word“Volk”,German Romantics have been committed to seeking the German national spirit through folk songs and other folklore items within the framework of folklore named as“Volkskunde”since the end of the 18th century.This is called“finding the lost etiquette in the countryside”.In the Third Reich,the nationalist color of“Volkskunde”deteriorated into a racist orientation and became a political tool of the Nazi party.This is called“fabricating the lacking etiquette in the countryside”.After World War II,German folklore gradually abandoned the name“Volkskunde”,but failed to form another unified new name.On the ground of historical reflection,the new research paradigm of German folklore breaks the limitations of the old discipline in terms of region,time and class,resulting in three new titles,namely“Empirical Cultural Studies”guided by social functions of culture,“European Ethnology”guided by heterogeneity and change of culture,and“Cultural Anthropology”guided by the philosophy significance of culture.