长江中游河湖湿地系统演变与生态修复

Evolution and Ecological Restoration of Riverine and Lacustrine Wetland System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

长江流域拥有我国最为丰富和独特的生态系统及众多的野生动植物物种;而承东启西的长江中游是全流域湖泊最集中、支流最多的地区。受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,域内江、河、湖等湿地水文过程及江湖格局发生变化,湿地生态脆弱性加剧,生态系统稳定性受到破坏,湿地生态有退化的趋向,进而影响其生物群落、生态系统结构和功能,综合生态功能下降。同时由于围湖垦殖及湿地农业等方式对自然湿地的利用改造,长江中游构成了自然河湖与人工沟渠、农田镶嵌的复合湿地结构和景观,形成了复杂的自然—人工复合湿地生态系统。高强度开发背景下自然—人工湿地的互动演变机制,考虑不同退化特征的湿地恢复目标与修复路径及变化环境影响下的湿地综合保护策略是长江中游湿地相关研究中的关键问题。以此为基础,阐明气候变化和人类活动对长江中游湿地生态系统的影响,解析湿地退化动因、受损过程与差异性退化机制,提出长江中游湿地生态系统修复目标、路径及综合保护策略,对实现长江中游生态保护和长江经济带高质量绿色发展具有重要意义。

The Yangtze River Basin has the most abundant and unique ecosystem and numerous wildlife species in China. And the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which connects the east and the west parts of the river, accommodate the most concentrated lakes and the most tributaries in the whole basin. Due to the integrated impact of climate change and human activities in it, the hydrological process and distribution pattern of riverine and lacustrine wetlands have significantly changed, the ecological vulnerability of wetlands has increased, the stability of ecosystems has been damaged, and the wetland ecosystem has a tendency of degradation. It would affect the structure and function of biological communities and wetland ecosystems, and make the ecological function decrease. Meanwhile, the natural rivers and lakes, artificial ditches, and farmland constitute a composite wetland landscape structure and form a complex natural-artificial wetland ecosystem due to the lake reclamation and wetland agriculture. With the need for wetland protection and ecological security in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, it is necessary to explain the interactive evolution mechanism of its natural-artificial wetland system, clarify the impact of climate change and human activities on it, study the motivation, damage process, and differential mechanism of wetland degradation, and set out the objective and pathways of wetland restoration, and the protection strategies of wetlands. It is of great significance to realize the ecological protection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and the high-quality green development of the Yangtze River economic belt.