14世纪上半叶英格兰的犯罪与犯罪治理

Crimesand Crime Governance inthe First Half ofthe Fourteenth Century England

114世纪上半叶,英格兰的政治、经济和军事等多重危机滋生了大量犯罪,其中财产侵占和人身伤害是当时数量最多、对社会治安威胁最大的两类犯罪。通过对犯罪的特征分析可揭示出犯罪难以治理的根源。犯罪治理首先依赖于普通法体系,但普通法诉讼存在的缺陷使得议会请愿对犯罪治理也具有较大作用。两者的地方实践依赖即审即决法庭的运作和地方官员的协助。中央司法机制、中央派出机制和地方官员的有机合作构成了14世纪上半叶英格兰独特的犯罪治理模式。

Inthe first half of the fourteenth century England multiple political,economic and military crises spawned a large number of crimes,among which property embezzlement and personal injury were crimes with largest quantum and greatest threat to social security at thetime.The analysisof characteristicsof crimes revealed the root cause of difficulty of order controlling.Crime Governance first depends on the Common Law,but certain defects of it made parliamentary petitioning play asignificant role in controlling social crime.The local practice of both depended on the operation of Commissions of oyer and terminer and assistance of local officials The organic cooperation of the central judicial mechanism,the central dispatch mechanism and local officials constituted a unique crime governance model in the first half of the fourteenth century England.