国际关系中的身份政治:内涵、运行逻辑与互动困境

Identity Politics in International Relations:Connotations,Mechanisms,and the Interaction Dilemma

身份政治是一种群体认同模式,是主体通过价值观、意识形态、情感等建构群体认同,以群体的形式实现特定目标与诉求的政治实践。国内层次与国际层次的身份政治存在不同的逻辑起点与逻辑前提,不同于人基于自我实现与争取主体位置发动的身份政治,国家间的身份政治兼具差异属性与工具属性,是权力政治的一种补充,常成为国家为维护利益与权力优势的工具。它遵循着“认知—认同—互动”的脉络,在分类划界的基础上,以动机推动认同建构,进而调动认同融合以作用于国家间的互动。在无政府状态与等级制的现实背景下,身份政治发挥着消极作用,诱发着国家间的互动困境,国家间的互动逐渐显现出群体区分、群际对立冲突频发的图景。

Identity politics is a mode of group identification.It is a political practice in which the subject group constructs a collective identity through values,ideology,and emotions and achieves specific goals and demands.Identity politics at the domestic level and identity politics at the international level have distinct logical starting points and premises.Unlike identity politics initiated by individuals based on self-realization and position fairness,identity politics between states has both differentiating and instrumental attributes.It functions as a supplement to power politics and often becomes a tool for the state to maintain its power and interests.Identity politics between states can be characterized as a process of“c ognition-identification-interaction,”in which states act on the basis of classification and demarcation,use specific motives to promote identity construction,and then mobilize identity fusion to influence the interaction between states.This article suggests that in the context of anarchy and hierarchy in international society,identity politics plays a negative role because it induces the interaction dilemma among states by creating group distinctions and inter-group conflicts.