小国的规范倡导:丹麦的绿色外交实践

Normative Advocacy by Small State:A Case Study of Denmark’s Green Diplomacy

进入21世纪以来,丹麦在外交上积极地采取基于价值观的行动,同时也致力于在国际社会中推动绿色转型与可持续发展议程:不仅通过主办联合国哥本哈根气候峰会来积极协调全球气候多边治理,而且在欧盟框架内进行政策倡导,表达推动绿色转型的政治意愿和社会支持。此外,还通过策略性联盟与互动,建构包括全球绿色增长峰会在内的小多边合作机制。这种绿色外交实践体现了小国对规范性秩序的追求,也是其国内政府主体、市场力量与国际合作伙伴良性联动的结果。在更深层次上,丹麦在近代政治进程中发展出的协调的资本主义政治经济结构和基于协商、妥协和联盟的政治文化,为其在绿色转型领域的规范性权力聚积提供了制度和规范基础。丹麦的绿色外交实践表明,在国际秩序的不对称性及无政府状态下,小国是可以在国际和区域层面采取规范性的倡导行动。

Can a small state pursue a normative action under the condition of power asymmetry and anarchy in the international society?Informed by Neoclassical realism,this article examines the Danish experience of green diplomacy and normative positioning in regional and global contexts.Denmark’s green activism over the last two decades has been expressed not only in the struggle for leadership in the Copenhagen Climate Conference,but also in its active policy shaping efforts in the EU framework and the initiatives of mini-multilateral mechanism such as the Global Green Growth Summit.This dynamic of international social power accumulation has its domestic institutional and normative foundation,which features the compact between government,business,and civil society based on cross-sector coalitions.It is also embedded in the historically formed democratic corporatism and consensus-oriented political culture.