我国现存养老模式的成本-效用法分析

Analysis of the Existing Pension Model in China Based on Cost-Utility Method

伴随着市场经济体制的完善与各种福利政策的出台,我国目前养老模式呈现出多元化的趋势,为寻求更适合我国国情的养老模式,选取居家养老(独居)、居家养老(同住)、社区养老、机构养老4种占比率最高的养老模式的,利用成本-效用法分别比较分析。通过定性分析将4种养老模式的成本拆解为经济成本、子女心理成本、子女机会成本,将效用拆解为生理需求、安全需求、情感需求、受尊重需求及自我实现需求满足度,并将其按照不同的重要程度赋予加权系数;通过定量计算分别求出4种模式下的综合养老成本与综合需求满足度。得出居家养老模式更有利于节省养老成本并获得较好的满足感,部分有经济条件且希望得到更多元化照护需求的老人可以选择社区养老模式,对于小部分经济状况良好并希望获得针对性特色服务的老人和处于失能、半失能、失智状态的老人来说,机构养老不失为更好的选择。

Along with the improvement of the market economy system and various kinds of welfare policy,China’s current elderly care model presents the trend of diversification. In search of the more suitable elderly care model corresponding to the situation of China,the four elderly care models with the highest utilization rate in aspects of home-based care service(solitude),home-based care service(cohabitation),community nursing,and institution nursing were selected and compared through cost-utility analysis.Through qualitative analysis,the cost of the four elderly care models was decomposed into economic cost,children’s psychological cost and children’s opportunity cost,and the utility was decomposed into physiological needs,safety needs,emotional needs,respected needs and self-realization needs satisfaction degree,which were endowed weighting coefficients according to different importance degrees respectively.Through quantitative calculation,the comprehensive elderly care cost and comprehensive demand satisfaction degree under the four models were calculated respectively. It is concluded that the home-based care service model is more conducive to saving elderly care costs and can obtain the better satisfaction,those with a certain economic foundation and hope to get more diversified care needs can choose community nursing model,for those with a well-developed economic foundation and hope to get specific elderly care service or the elderly suffering from disabilities,the institution nursing is a better choice.