河北张家口白庙墓地东周人群华夏化的生业经济基础

SUBSISTENCE BASIS OF SINICIZAION OF EASTERN ZHOU RESIDENTS AT BAIMIAO CEMETERY IN ZHANGJIAKOU, HEBEI PROVINCE

东周时期,北方长城沿线农牧兼营人群在秦、赵、燕等列国的冲击下,部分被中原农耕文明浸润并逐渐同化,成为华夏族群的重要组成部分。为了深入认识北方长城沿线农牧兼营者华夏化的过程,本研究以冀北山地张家口地区为主要研究区域,以白庙墓地出土人骨为研究对象,重建了白庙先民的食物结构,综合分析了白庙先民的生业经济与文化面貌之间的关系,以及白庙先民为代表的农牧兼营者融入华夏集团的生业基础。白庙先民的δ^(13)C与δ^(15)N(-8.6‰±0.6‰, 9.9‰±1.0‰, n=41)显示,春秋晚期至战国早期当地居民以粟、黍两种谷物及用粟作农业副产品饲养的家畜为主要食物,畜牧业产品仅作为食物资源的补充。分析认为,白庙先民对于粟作农业的依赖或承袭于本地新石器时代晚期的生业传统,而畜牧经济的出现则可视作当地先民在牛羊畜牧业随东西方文化互动不断东传的大背景下,根据生态过渡地带资源环境的特点而做出的适应性调整。如果说以农业为主、兼有畜牧业的生存策略是本地作为北方草原畜牧区与中原农业耕作区之间缓冲区在生业经济方面的呈现,那么白庙先民对于农业生产方式的依赖则可能是战国中期之后冀北山地被纳入华夏列国统治疆域的生业经济基础。

The domesticates,such as cattle,sheep and wheat,in West Asia were introduced into East Asia together with metallurgy,followed by the eastward spread of horses,carriages and horseback riding,which led to the differentiation of subsistence economy in East Asia from the middle second millennium BC to the first millennium BC.The grassland animal husbandry subsistence has sprouted and developed continuously in the China's Northern Frontier Belt along the Great Well nowdays from then on.The importance of domestic herbivores to human subsistence consequently have led to frequent interaction between humans which subsisted on two distinctive subsistence systems,namely the millet farming and the grassland animal husbandry.The fierce collision and continuous integration of the two food production technique tradition have shaped unique archaeological cultures of the China's Northern Frontier Belt during the pre-Qin period,some of which are argued to be related to the material cultures of pastoralism“Rong”and“Di”tribes as recorded in historical literature.During the Warring States period,the Rong and Di tribes were partly assimilated by early Chinese States under the pressures between agricultural polities to the south and nomadic tribes to the north.However,most of the historical documents are vague and undetailed;archaeologists are responsible for reconstructing the sinicization process of Rong,Di and other agro-pastoralists in the China's Northern Frontier Belt.In this study,we focuses on human subsistence basis of Rong and Di tribes in of northern Hebei Province during their integration process into the early Chinese States in the eastern part of the middle China's Northern Frontier Belt.Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis is carried on 41 human bones in order to reconstruct paleodiet of the so-called“Di”People at the Baimiao cemetery(40°40'31.18″N,115°23'19.45″E)in Zhangjiakou during Eastern Zhou period.δ^(13)C andδ^(15)N(-8.6‰±0.6‰,9.9‰±1.0‰;n=41)show that the Baimiao residents mainly subsisted on millet farming,whose diet mainly derived from millet grains and domestic animals raised with millet by-products,while grassland husbandry were only used as supplements to human diet.We hence hypothesize that,the Baimiao residents inherited millet farming from their late Neolithic Age predecessors,and imported grassland husbandry as supplementary food production techniques for better adapting to the ecological transition zone no later than the Eastern Zhou period.If agro-pastoralism is the presentation in subsistence as a buffer for the conflict between the southern farmers and the northern nomadic,the more investment in millet agriculture might be the basis for them to be incorporated into Chinese nation during the Warring State period.