SARS以来我国突发公共卫生事件应对法律文本的政策工具量化分析

Quantitative Analysis of Policy Tools for Coping with Legal Texts for Public Health Emergencies in China since SARSEvent

目的:对公共卫生应急管理法律体系建设相关法律政策文件进行分析,探讨法律政策工具侧重点与不足,为优化法律政策提供参考。方法:基于政策工具理论,运用内容分析法,从基本法律政策工具和突发应急管理2个维度对我国颁布的16个突发公共卫生应急法律体系建设相关文件进行分析。结果:311个政策文本编号中,在基本政策工具维度上,环境型政策工具所占比例最高(211条,67.8%),其次为需求型政策工具(53条,17.1%),而供给型政策工具所占比例较低(47条,15.1%)。在应急管理维度上,准备阶段所占比例最高(179条,57.6%),其次是响应阶段(70条,22.5%),而预防阶段(32条,10.3%)和恢复阶段(30条,9.6%)相对较少。预防和恢复阶段中需求型政策工具较少(1条,0.32%),准备阶段重视环境型政策工具(125条,40.2%),而供给型政策工具相对较少(6条,7.4%)。结论:我国突发公共卫生应急法律体系有待完善,政策工具类型多样化,但结构有待调整优化。重环境轻供给与需求,重事发准备与响应,轻事前预防与事后恢复,建议进一步增强公共卫生事件预防与监测预警,加大人力、物资和基础设施等相关配套供给保障,加快完善应急管理体系建设相关政策的制定。

Objective To analyze the relevant legal and policy documents on the construction of public health emergency management legal system,explore the key points and deficiencies of legal and policy tools,and provide reference for optimizing laws and policies.Methods Based on the policy tool theory and content analysis method,the relevant documents on the construction of 16 public health emergency legal system issued by China were analyzed from two dimensions of basic legal and policy tools and emergency management.Results Of the 311 policy texts,in the dimension of basic policy tools,environmental policy tools had the highest proportion,followed by demand policy tools,while supply policy tools had a lower proportion.In the emergency management dimension,the preparation phase accounted for the highest proportion,followed by the response phase,while the prevention phase and recovery phase were relatively lower.There were fewer demand policy tools in the prevention and recovery phase.In the preparation phase,environmental-based policy tools were valued,while the supply-type policy tools were relatively few.Conclusion The public health emergency legal system needs to be improved,which has diversified policy tools,while the structure needs to be adjusted and optimized.It is suggested to further strengthen the prevention,monitoring and early warning,increase the supply support of manpower,materials and infrastructure,and accelerate the formulation of policies related with the construction of emergency management system.