基于语料库的词类历时过渡性演变分析——以部分带后缀-ач-(-яч-),-уч-(-юч-)的俄语形容词为例

A Corpus-based Analysis of Historical Transitions in the Part-of-Speech System——Illustrated by the Example of Several Russian Adjectives with Suffix -ач-(-яч-), -уч-(-юч-)

现代俄语形容词构词后缀-ач-(-яч-),-уч-(-юч-)与古俄语中的形动词构形词缀同形,带-ач-(-яч-),-уч-(-юч-)的形容词中有一部分正是古代俄语体系中古俄语(口语)形动词向形容词过渡的产物。形动词是现代俄语的标准书面结构,继承自古代俄语体系中的书面语——罗斯抄本的教会斯拉夫语(церковнославянскийязыкрусскогоизвода)。上述过渡现象发生的过程中,除形动词自身形态和词类意义与形容词的相似性外,古代俄语体系中同功能的古俄语和教会斯拉夫语的形动词间的竞争关系也起到助推作用。本文采用过渡性理论中所提供的参数,通过对不同时期俄语词典的记载和俄罗斯国家语料库中现有语料的历时分析,梳理这部分形动词到形容词的过渡过程,并通过与同属东斯拉夫语支的乌克兰语、白俄罗斯语中相似现象的比较,尝试分析其成因。

The suffix-ач-(-яч-),-уч-(-юч-) of adjective in modern Russian is the same as the suffix of participle in Old Russian, several adjectives with suffix-ач-(-яч-),-уч-(-юч-) are the direct products of the transition from participle to adjective in Old Russian(spoken language). Participle is a standard form in modern written Russian language, it was inherited from the former written language in the history of Russian literary language — Russian variant of Church Slavonic(церковнославянский язык русского извода). In addition to the similarities between the morphological features and part-of-speech meanings of participle and adjective, the competitive relationship between the participles of the same function in Old Russian and Church Slavic has also played an important role in this transitional process. Based on the recording of Russian dictionaries in different periods and the diachronic analysis of material in Russian national corpus, this article tries to analyze the transitional process from participle to adjective by using the parameters provided in the theory of transition and conclude its causes by comparing the similar phenomena in the other two Eastern Slavic languages — Ukrainian and Belarusian.