生态保育型农业内涵、实施途径与研究趋势

The Connotation,Implementation Approach,and Research Trend of Ecological Conservation Agriculture

高强度的农业生产导致农田土壤变瘦、变薄、变酸、变干,引起了一系列生态环境问题,对农业可持续发展产生了重大影响。切实转变农业发展方式、加快发展生态保育型农业是我国农业可持续发展面临的紧迫任务。文章论述了生态保育型农业产生的背景,综述了农田生态保育的研究进展,明确了生态保育型农业的内涵及实施的技术途径,并提出了当前生态保育型农业亟需研究的关键科学问题。文章认为,生态保育型农业就是通过实施一系列措施,促进资源增进、环境改善、生产力提高、农业可持续发展的农业生产制度与技术体系;以维护农田生态平衡为根本特征,重点关注环境资源要素之间的平衡、适度投入与合理利用、生产能力与资源高效利用及生态平衡与生态改善等4个方面的关系。实施生态保育型农业的途径包括水分保育、养分保育、固沙保育、适度投入、综合保育等,具体技术体系包括:合理选择作物及品种,合理布局;实施轮作、休耕、免耕、少耕等耕作措施,蓄水保墒,保土保肥;科学施肥,增加地表覆盖等等。农业生产与生态系统的互馈机制、农业生产能力与区域资源环境承载力的协同提升、生态保育机制及其区域化途径等是当前生态保育型农业亟需研究的关键科学问题。

The high intensity of agricultural production has caused unproductiveness,infertility,acidification,and dryness of farmland,led to a series of ecological environmental problems,and has a great impact on the sustainable development of agriculture.Transforming developing ways of agriculture,accelerating development of ecological conservation agriculture is an urgent task the sustainable development of agriculture in China is facing to.In this paper,the background of occurrence of ecological conservation agriculture was expounded,the research progress on ecological conservation of farmland was reviewed,the connotation and technical approaches of implementation of ecological-conservation agriculture were clarified,and the key current scientific issues ecological conservation agriculture urgently requires to research were presented.The article holds that the ecological conservation agriculture is a kind of production institution and technology system of agriculture that promote resource enhancement,environmental improvement,productivity improvement,and sustainable development of agriculture through a series of measures.The ecological conservation agriculture takes maintenance of ecological balance in farmland as the fundamental characteristic,emphasizes four aspects such as balance between environmental resource elements,moderate investment and rational utilization,production capacity and highly efficient utilization of resources,and ecological balance and improvement.The approaches to implement ecological conservation agriculture include water conservation,nutrient conservation,sand fixation conservation,moderate investment,and comprehensive conservation.The specific technology system embraces appropriate selection of crops and cultivars,proper distribution;implementation of farming measures including rotation,fallow,zero tillage,and less tillage,storage of water and maintenance of soil moisture;conservation of soil and fertilizers;scientific application of fertilizers,increase of surface mulching,and so on.The interaction mechanism of agricultural production and ecosystem,the synergistic promotion of agricultural production capacity and regional resource and environment carrying capacity,the ecological conservation mechanism and its regionalization approaches are the key current scientific issues the ecological conservation agriculture urgently requires to research.