加速社会语境中的生存及其前景——从生命政治学到速度政治学

Existence and Prospect in Accelerating Social Context——From Biopolitics to the Politics of Speed

生命政治学是法国哲学家福柯提出的一种现代性批判新视角,该视角旨在从权力(政治)与身体的关系阐明现代社会的统治特点及其后果,即基于合理性和效率对以身体为中心的人的生活的全面规训。这种趋势的最终后果便是边沁设计的全景监狱为原型的监视和规训牢笼。随着加速技术的发展及其负面后果的增强,法国哲学家维希留提出了对现代性规训的另一种批判视角,即速度政治学。在这种视角中,加速度决定了现代环境以及人的生存,诸如实时、微型化等速度技术的全面运用,人类生存空间的地点性被侵蚀,人类的身体和灵魂被“内殖民”,最终速度虚无主义将世界夷平为存在的荒漠。针对这一事态,维希留基于速度经济学提出了加速现代性语境下以速度控制为中心的新型解放议程。尽管维希留的这一技术批判并没有真正打开当代语境中的社会与人的解放真正道路,但他指认了我们今天讨论这个问题的前提变化:从环境角度来说,我们面对的不再是法兰克福学派所称的“工厂铁幕”,而是实时通讯所建构的“速度牢笼”;从主体的角度来,我们面对的不再是福柯假设的工业时代的人口,而是光速通讯时代的人口。因为这一点,现代性批判在关注生命之际,必须建立自己的速度座架。

Biopolitics is a new perspective on modernity put forward by the French philosopher Michel Foucault,which aims to illustrate the ruling features and consequences of modern society from the perspective of the relationship between power(politics)and body,it is,a comprehensive discipline of the life of a body-centered person based on rationality and efficiency.The ultimate consequence of this trend is the surveillance and discipline cage that Jeremy Bentham designed as a prototype for the panoramic prison.With the development of accelerating technology and its negative consequences,the French philosopher Virilio put forward another critical perspective on the discipline of modernity,that is,the politics of speed.In this perspective,acceleration determines the modern environment and human survival,the full use of speed technology such as real-time,microminiaturization,leads to the eroding of space for human survival and the“Colonization”of human body and soul.Eventually,the speed nihilism will turn the world into an existential desert.In response to this situation,based on speed economics,Virilio proposed a new liberation agenda that centered on speed control in the context of accelerated modernity based on speed economics.Although this critique of technology does not really open the real path to social and human liberation in the contemporary context,Virilio identifies a change in the premise of what we are discussing today:from the view of milieu,we are no longer facing what Frankfurt School call the“Iron Curtain”of the factory,but the“Cage of speed”of real-time communications,and from the perspective of the subject,we are no longer facing Michel Foucault’s hypothetical population of the industrial age,it’s the population of the light-speed Communication Age.Because of this,the critique of modernity must establish its own speed frame when it pays attention to life.