气候变化“小多边主义”法治研究

The Research on the Rule of Law Related to Climate Change Minilateralism

国际社会向来以多边主义作为气候变化治理的起点。然而《京都议定书》第二承诺期的波折、哥本哈根气候大会的黯然落幕,以及美国对《巴黎协定》的态度反差,相继昭示多边主义的曲折与集体行动逻辑的乏力。小多边主义在决策、激励、惩罚等机制上的比较优势有助于缓解当前气候变化治理的困难。气候变化小多边主义欲对多边主义发挥巨大的正向效应,应当以中国、欧盟、美国、印度等关键碳排放国为主导而形成轴心,将这些国家或地区的气候变化与国际贸易、投资、金融、知识产权等进行关联、挂钩,形成交互的利益置换机制,并以FTA等经贸协定作为可行载体进而实现硬法化。“欧盟版”FTA将气候变化议题融入堪称现代气候变化小多边主义典范,其在关键碳排放国间的推演必然会发挥良性示范效应,进而推进下一轮多边主义的高阶运行。

The international community has always taken multilateralism as the starting point for climate change governance. However,the setbacks of the second commitment period of the Kyoto protocol,the failure of the Copenhagen climate conference and the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement have demonstrated the twists and turns of multilateralism and the weakness of the collective action logic. The comparative advantages of minilateralism in decision-making,incentive and punishment mechanisms can help alleviate the current dilemma of climate change governance. To exert a great positive effect on multilateralism,climate change minilateralism should be led by some key carbon emitting countries such as China,the EU,the US,and India to form an axis,linking the issues on climate change in these countries or regions with international trade,investment,finance,and intellectual property rights;forming an interactive benefit exchange mechanism;and using economic and trade agreements such as FTAs as a feasible carrier to achieve hard legalization. The integration of climate change issues into the“EU version”FTA is a model of modern climate change minilateralism. And its implementation among key carbon emitting countries will definitely exert a positive demonstration effect,which will promote the next round of multilateralism at a higher level.