彼奥提亚同盟与底比斯霸权的兴衰

The Relationship between the Boeotian League and the Theban Hegemony

伯罗奔尼撒战争后的数十年间,雅典由于战败而急剧衰落,底比斯趁势崛起。公元前379年,底比斯发生政变,次年重建彼奥提亚同盟。此后,底比斯率领彼奥提亚诸邦抵抗斯巴达入侵,捍卫了自身的独立地位。在这一过程中,底比斯不仅发挥了主导作用,而且凭借强大的军事实力,使得自己在同盟中处于优势地位。然而,盟邦拥有一定的自治权,并未彻底屈从于底比斯。公元前371年至公元前362年,底比斯维持了近十年的希腊大陆霸主地位。对底比斯而言,一方面,彼奥提亚是其战略核心、经济腹地,为其提供了对外战争所需的人力和物力,是其霸权兴起的重要支撑;另一方面,同盟内部矛盾纷繁复杂,是导致底比斯霸权衰落的重要原因。

After the Peloponnesian War, Athens suffered a sharp decline caused by the failure, and Thebes rose to power at that time. In 379 B.C., Thebes began to reconstruct the Boeotian league behind the domestic coup. After that, Thebes led the Boeotian states to resist the invasion of Sparta and ensured their independence. During this process, because of Theban prominent military power and huge influence, it took the supreme position within the league. However, the states under the league had a certain degree of autonomy so they did not completely succumbed to Thebes. From 371 B. C. to 362 B. C., Thebes maintained its hegemony over the Greek mainland for nearly a decade. For Thebes, on one hand, the region of Boeotia was the own strategic center zone and economic hinterland and it provided manpower and material resources needed in external wars which was very important for the rise of the Theban hegemony;on the other hand, the internal contradictions of the federation were extremely complicated and the federal systems were unstable which resulted in the decline of the Thebean hegemony.