胎儿的民事权利能力范围之简论--以我国《民法典》第十六条为视角

The Scope of the Fetal Capacity for Civil Rights--from the Perspective of the Article 16 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China

《中华人民共和国民法典》已于2021年1月1日正式实施。其中第十六条规定:“涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎儿利益保护的,胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是,胎儿娩出时为死体的,其民事权利能力自始不存在。”该条对胎儿利益的保护,一改《中华人民共和国民法通则》所采的绝对主义①之不合时宜,强化了对人格尊严的保护,体现了民法的时代精神。然而,胎儿这一特殊群体的立法保护问题,《民法典》仅在总则编进行了规定,分则编并无补充性规定,因此,关于胎儿利益保护,还有诸多内容值得研究。以《民法典》第十六条为视角,主张胎儿不具备民事主体资格,但却享有一定的民事权利能力,同时,民事权利能力的范围除了包括立法明确规定之外,还有其他民事权利能力,如身体权、健康权、损害赔偿请求权等,也对它们的适用提出了意见,以期能解决司法实践中的一些疑难问题。

The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(referred to as the Civil Code hereinafter)has come into effect on 1st,January,2021.The Article 16 stipulates:“The fetus shall be deemed to have capacity for civil rights if it is involved in the protection of its interests,such as inheritance and receipt of gifts.However,if the fetus is dead when it is delivered,its capacity for civil rights does not exist from the beginning.”This protection of the interests of fetuses changes the absolutism adopted in the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China,strengthens the protection of human dignity,and embodies the spirit of the times of the civil law.However,the legislative protection of fetuses as a special group is only stipulated in the general provisions of the Civil Code,and there are no supplementary stipulations in the special provisions.Therefore,there are many contents worth studying on the protection of fetuses’interests.In the perspective of Article 16 of the Civil Code,this paper claims that the fetus does not have the civil subject qualification,but it has a certain capacity for civil rights.At the same time,the scope of the capacity for civil rights in addition to including legislation explicitly,capacity and other civil rights,such as body weight,such as the right to health,damage compensation claims.Applying to my own opinions put forward these,hoping to solve some difficult problems in judicial practice.