我国4种应急防控沙漠蝗的化学农药对鸟类初级环境风险评估

Primary Environmental Risk Assessment of Four Chemical Pesticides for Emergency Prevention and Control of Schistocerca gregaria on Birds in China

沙漠蝗(Schistocera gregaria)因具有强大的繁殖和迁徙能力被认为是危害农牧业生产安全的害虫之一,已在全世界造成严重的经济损失。化学防治在蝗虫防控中仍占据主要地位,在采用化学农药防控蝗虫的同时,需要关注对非靶标环境生物(如食蝗鸟类)的有效保护。由于我国目前暂无农药登记在沙漠蝗上,本研究仅对登记有效期内的防治蝗虫类农药进行调查,筛选得到溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉和马拉硫磷4种化学农药单剂,并分别开展了在不同施药场景下此类药剂对鸟类的初级环境风险评估。结果表明,溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉按目前登记推荐用量在不同暴露场景施用后,对鸟类的急性、短期和长期环境风险均可接受,而马拉硫磷的急性和短期环境风险可接受,但长期环境风险不可接受;以临界综合风险系数评估马拉硫磷在不同暴露场景最高有效成分施用量(AR):在农田或牧草上AR≤466.5 g a.i./hm^(2),在草地中AR≤314.5 g a.i./hm^(2),在荒地或滩涂上AR≤454.9 g a.i./hm^(2),在林木中AR≤278.8 g a.i./hm^(2)。本评估结果可为沙漠蝗等各类蝗虫的应急化学防控提供科学指导。

The desert locust(Schistocerca gregaria)is considered as one of the destructive pests endangering the safety of agriculture and animal husbandry due to its powerful reproduction and migration ability,leading to serious economic losses in the world.Chemical control still plays an important role in controlling locusts.When applying chemical pesticides to control locusts,attention should be paid to the effective protection of non-target environmental organisms,such as locust-eating birds.Given that there temporarily are no pesticides registered for specifically controlling desert locust in China,four single chemical pesticides,namely,deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin,imidacloprid and malathion,were selected by barely inquiring the information of pesticides validly registered for locust control in the study.Meanwhile,the primary environmental risk assessment on birds were carried out in different application scenarios.The results showed that the acute,short-term and long-term environmental risks of deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin and imidacloprid to birds were acceptable in different exposure scenarios.The acute and short-term environmental risks of malathion to birds were acceptable,but the long-term environmental risks were unacceptable.The maximum application amount(AR)of malathion in different exposure scenarios were obtained by evaluating critical comprehensive risk coefficient calculation.In detail,the results demonstrated AR≤466.5 g a.i./hm^(2)on farmland or herbage,AR≤314.5 g a.i./hm^(2)on grassland,AR≤454.9 g a.i./hm^(2)on wasteland or mud flat,and AR≤278.8 g a.i./hm^(2)on wood.The objective of this study was to provide scientific guidance for chemical emergency prevention and control of desert locust and other kinds of locusts.