新《民事证据规定》下的司法鉴定采信程序研究

Study on the Adopting Procedure of Forensic Appraisal from the Perspective of New Regulations on Civil Evidence

新《民事证据规定》对司法鉴定规则进行了完善,显然我国司法机关已充分认识到当前司法鉴定领域所面临的启动权分散、质证程序虚化、鉴定中心主义等问题。从规范解释论之目的出发,不仅认识到职权主义下的司法鉴定采信程序,确实可以解决鉴定启动阶段多头鉴定、重复鉴定的困局,还要明确当事人主义在质证环节的对抗性辩论将较之于职权主义更有利于查明事实,同时也应明晰两者相应的功能边界,为制度建构打下基础。为此,通过将司法鉴定采信程序解构为启动、质证、认证三个阶段:一是提出司法鉴定启动阶段坚持法庭的职权控制,并为当事人的权利设定边界;二是以庭审实质化理念为指导,要求在质证阶段强化鉴定人出庭义务、建立庭前开示与交叉询问制度,并加强鉴定材料质证等方面的规则建构;三是以审判为中心理念为指导,在认证阶段增强有专门知识的人对法官采信鉴定意见提供辅助作用。

The new provisions on forensic appraisal in the New Regulations on Civil Evidence show that the Chinese judicial organs have noticed the problems in the field of forensic appraisal such as decentralization of starting right,falsification of examination procedures,and authentication superstition.From the point of view of normative interpretation,we should not only realize that the starting procedure of forensic appraisal under the inquisitorial system can solve the dilemma of multiple identifications and repeated identifications,but also admit that the adversarial debate in the examination procedure under the adversary system is more conducive to the accuracy of fact-finding.At the same time,the corresponding functional boundary of the inquisitorial system and adversary system shall be specified to lay the foundation for the system construction.Hence,the admissibility procedure for the forensic appraisal can be deconstructed into three stages:starting procedure,examination,and authentication:firstly,it is proposed that the starting procedure of forensic appraisal shall insist on the inquisitorial system and set boundaries for the right expansion of the parties concerned;secondly,guided by the concept of substantive trial,it is proposed at the examination procedure to lay down rules in respect of strengthening the obligation of expert appearance,establishing the pre-trial disclosure and cross-examination rules,and strengthening the examination of check samples;thirdly,guided by the trial-centered concept,it is proposed that the authentication procedure shall enhance the assistance of expertise at the certification stage to assist judges in adopting expert opinions.