油茶品种果实主要经济性状和营养成分的差异分析

Variation analysis on the main economic characters and nutrients of fruit from Camellia oleifera varieties

【目的】了解安徽省油茶常见栽培品种果实主要经济性状和营养成分差异,为生产中油茶品种筛选和良种推广应用提供参考依据。【方法】以‘长林3号’‘长林4号’‘长林15号’等12个长林系列品种和‘黄山1号’‘黄山2号’等5个黄山系列品种9年生植株为试验材料,于2019—2021年在安徽省太湖县油茶基地开展田间试验,跟踪调查果实主要经济性状和产量,测定种仁含油率、脂肪酸组成等营养成分含量。【结果】不同油茶品种果实的纵径、横径、果皮厚度差异极显著,其中‘黄山5号’纵径最大、‘黄山1号’横径最宽、‘长林3号’果皮最薄。单果鲜质量、鲜籽质量、干籽质量也存在极显著差异,黄山系列油茶单鲜果、鲜籽、干籽质量明显高于长林系列品种,其中‘黄山2号’单鲜果、干籽质量极显著高于其他品种。‘黄山2号’‘长林3号’株产量极显著高于‘长林15号’‘长林18号’等长林系列及‘黄山4号’9个品种。长林系列、黄山系列品种平均鲜出籽率、干出籽率和干出仁率相差较小,其中‘长林3号’鲜出籽率、干出籽率极显著高于其他品种。种仁含油率、蛋白质、主要脂肪酸含量也均存在极显著差异,其中‘长林3号’种仁含油率、油酸、亚麻酸含量极显著高于其他品种,棕榈酸含量最低;‘长林53号’蛋白质、亚油酸含量也极显著高于其他品种;‘黄山2号’硬脂酸含量最低。果实横径与果皮厚度、单果鲜质量、鲜籽质量、干籽质量呈极显著正相关,果皮厚度与单果鲜质量呈极显著正相关,单果鲜质量与鲜籽质量、干籽质量呈极显著正相关,鲜籽质量与干籽质量、鲜出籽率呈极显著正相关,干籽质量与鲜出籽率、干出籽率也呈极显著正相关,横径、单果鲜质量、鲜籽质量、干籽质量与蛋白质呈极显著正相关,横径、单果鲜质量与棕榈酸含量呈极显著正相关,与种仁含油率呈极显著负相关,干出籽率与亚麻酸含量呈极显著正相关。主成分分析显示,影响油茶果实品质的主要性状是鲜出籽率、蛋白质含量和单果鲜质量。【结论】‘长林3号’‘长林53号’和‘黄山2号’综合经济性状最优。

【Objective】To learn about some differences of main economic characteristics and nutritional components of common cultivated varieties of Camellia oleifera in Anhui province,so as to provide some references for cultivar selection,promotion and application of improved varieties in C.oleifera production.【Method】Some nine-year-old plants of 12 Changlin series varieties such as‘Changlin3’,‘Changlin4’,‘Changlin15’and 5 Huangshan series varieties such as‘Huangshan1’,‘Huangshan2’were used as test materials.Some field experiments were carried out in a C.oleifera base of Taihu county,Anhui province from 2019 to 2021 to track and investigate the main economic characters and yield of fruits,and determine the oil content of seeds,fatty acid composition and other nutrients.【Result】Of all these varieties,there were extremely significant differences among the longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter and pericarp thickness of the fruits,in which Huangshan No.5 had the largest longitudinal diameter,Huangshan No.1 had the widest transverse diameter and Changlin No.3 had the thinnest pericarp;there were also extremely significant differences in fresh fruit mass,fresh seed mass and dry seed mass.The fresh fruit,fresh seed and dry seed mass of Huangshan series C.oleifera varieties were significantly higher than that of Changlin series varieties,among which the mass of fresh fruit and dry seed of Huangshan No.2 was extremely significant higher than that of other varieties;the plant yield of Huangshan No.2 and Changlin No.3 was significantly higher than that of Changlin series such as Changlin No.15,Changlin No.18 and Huangshan No.4 of 9 varieties;there were little difference in the average fresh seed rate,dry seed rate and dry kernel rate between Changlin series and Huangshan series.Among them,the fresh seed rate and dry seed rate of Changlin No.3 were extremely significant higher than those of other varieties.There were also extremely significant differences in oil content of kernel,protein and main fatty acid contents.Among them,the oil content,oleic acid and linolenic acid contents of Changlin No.3 were extremely significant higher than those of other varieties,and the palmitic acid content was the lowest.The protein and linoleic acid content of Changlin No.53 were also significantly higher than those of other varieties;Huangshan No.2 had the lowest stearic content.Fruit transverse diameter was positively correlated with peel thickness,fresh fruit mass,fresh seed mass and dry seed mass,peel thickness was positively correlated with fresh seed mass,fresh fruit mass was positively correlated with fresh seed mass and dry seed mass,fresh seed mass was positively correlated with dry seed mass and fresh seed rate,and dry seed mass was also positively correlated with fresh seed rate and dry seed rate.Transverse diameter,fresh fruit mass,fresh seed mass and dry seed mass were positively correlated with protein,the transverse diameter and fresh fruit mass were positively correlated with palmitic acid content,negatively correlated with oil content,and the dry seed rate was positively correlated with linolenic acid content.The results of principal component analysis showed that the main characters affecting the fruit mass of C.oleifera were fresh seed rate,protein content and fresh fruit mass.【Conclusion】‘Changlin3’,‘Changlin53’and‘Huangshan2’had the best comprehensive economic characters.