南疆4个地区枣园土壤养分状况分析及肥力评价

Analysis of soil nutrients and evaluation of fertility in jujube orchards in four regions of southern Xinjiang

【目的】了解南疆地区枣园土壤养分状况,评价枣园土壤的肥力等级,为南疆地区红枣产区土壤养分管理和合理施肥提供科学依据,以促进南疆地区红枣产业的健康持续发展。【方法】选取新疆主要红枣种植区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州(简称为“巴州”)、和田地区、喀什地区、阿克苏地区的21个灰枣园、16个骏枣园为样地,以pH值、电导率及碱解氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效硼、有效铁、交换性钙、交换性镁的含量为指标,采用土壤综合肥力指数和全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准进行土壤肥力综合评价。【结果】南疆4个地区枣园土壤的pH值为7.794~9.055,部分地区的土壤pH值偏高,说明土壤盐碱化现象较为严重;按照土壤养分分级标准,在所有的采样点中,土壤中有效磷、速效钾、有效硫的含量均很高,这几个指标的含量等级均为1级的采样点个数占所调查的采样点总数的比例最高;交换性钙的含量均很低,其含量等级为5级的采样点个数占所调查的采样点总数的比例高达86.49%;其余指标含量均处于中等水平;南疆4个地区枣园土壤pH值的变异程度均较弱,而其电导率、有效磷、有效硫、交换性钙和交换性镁的变异程度均较强,其余养分指标的变异程度均属中等。在所调查的4个地区中,阿克苏地区枣园土壤的pH值、有机质含量均高于其他地区的,而其有效硼、有效硫含量均低于其他地区的;喀什地区枣园土壤的电导率与速效钾、有效硼、有效硫、交换性钙、交换性镁的含量均高于其他地区的,而其有机质、碱解氮、有效磷的含量均低于其他地区的;巴州枣园土壤的有效磷含量高于其他地区的,而其有效铁、速效钾的含量低于其他地区的;和田地区枣园土壤的碱解氮、有效铁含量均高于其他地区的,而其交换性钙、交换性镁含量在所调查的4个地区中均处于最低水平。南疆4个地区枣园土壤的综合肥力指数为0.60~0.74,4个地区枣园土壤综合肥力指数的排序为:喀什地区>巴州>和田地区>阿克苏地区。【结论】南疆红枣种植区部分地区的土壤盐碱化现象比较严重,喀什地区枣园的土壤肥力良好,但其他地区枣园的土壤肥力均处于一般水平。在枣树种植管理过程中,和田地区和喀什地区均可适当增加有机肥的施用;阿克苏地区应适当喷施硼肥;巴州可以适当补充钾肥;各地区都应进行盐碱化的改良,均可适当增加氮肥的施入,而减少硫的施入。

【Objective】To understand the soil nutrient status of jujube orchards in southern Xinjiang,evaluate the fertility grade of jujube orchards,and provide scientific basis for soil nutrient management and rational fertilization in jujube producing prefectures in southern Xinjiang,so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of jujube industry in southern Xinjiang.【Method】21 grey jujube orchards and 16 Jun jujube orchards in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred to as“Bazhou”),Hotan Prefecture,Kashgar Prefecture and Aksu Prefecture,the main red jujube planting prefectures in Xinjiang,were selected as sample plots,with pH value,electrical conductivity and the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,available sulfur,available boron,available iron,exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were as indicators.The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility was carried out by using the comprehensive soil fertility index and the nutrient classification standard of the second national soil survey.【Result】The pH value of jujube garden soil in four prefectures of Southern Xinjiang was 7.794-9.055,and the soil pH value in some prefectures was high,indicating that the phenomenon of soil salinization was serious;according to the classification standard of soil nutrients,the contents of available phosphorus,available potassium and available sulfur in soil were very high in all sampling points.The number of sampling points with the content grade of these indicators of grade 1 accounted for the highest proportion in the total number of sampling points investigated;the content of exchangeable calcium was very low,and the number of sampling points with content grade 5 accounted for 86.49%of the total number of sampling points investigated;the contents of other indexes were at the medium level;the variation degree of soil pH value in jujube orchards in four regions of Southern Xinjiang was weak,while the variation degree of electrical conductivity,available phosphorus,available sulfur,exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium was strong,and the variation degree of other nutrient indexes was medium.Among four Prefectures investigated,the pH value and organic matter content of jujube garden soil in Aksu Prefecture were higher than those in other prefectures,while the contents of available boron and available sulfur are lower than those in other prefectures;the contents of electrical conductivity,available potassium,available boron,available sulfur,exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium of jujube garden soil in Kashgar Prefecture were higher than those in other prefectures,while the contents of organic matter,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus were lower than those in other prefectures;the content of available phosphorus in jujube garden soil in Bazhou was higher than that in other prefectures,while the content of available iron and available potassium was lower than that in other prefectures;the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available iron in jujube garden soil in Hotan Prefecture were higher than those in other prefectures,while the contents of exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were at the lowest level in the four prefectures investigated.The comprehensive fertility index of jujube garden soil in four prefectures of Southern Xinjiang was 0.60-0.74.The order of comprehensive fertility index of jujube garden soil in the four regions was Kashgar Prefecture>Bazhou>Hotan Prefecture>Aksu Prefecture.【Conclusion】The soil salinization in some prefectures of red jujube planting prefectures in southern Xinjiang was serious.The soil fertility of jujube orchards in Kashgar was good,but the soil fertility of jujube orchards in other prefectures was at the general level.In the process of jujube planting and management,the application of organic fertilizer can be appropriately increased in Hotan Prefecture and Kashgar Prefecture;boron fertilizer should be sprayed properly in Aksu Prefecture;Bazhou can appropriately supplement potassium fertilizer;all regions should carry out salinization improvement,which can appropriately increase the application of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the application of sulfur.