元代牧区畜牧业的考古证据——元上都西关厢遗址的动物考古学研究

Archaeological Evidence of Nomadic Economy in Pastoral Area of Yuan Dynasty:Zooarchaeological Research on Xiguanxiang Site,the Upper Capital of Yuan Dynasty

我们就元上都西关厢遗址2016年度发掘出土动物遗存进行动物考古学研究,为元代牧区畜牧业的研究提供了考古证据。研究结果表明,该遗址出土动物种属包括脉红螺、鲢鱼、鸟、狗、马、驴、猪、骆驼、鹿、黄牛、绵羊、山羊、羚羊、兔、鼠兔、鼢鼠等16种,构成了西关厢地区古代先民获取和利用动物资源的种类清单,其中家养动物包括绵羊、山羊、黄牛、马、驴、狗、猪、骆驼等8种。西关厢地区畜牧业以游牧方式为主,定居饲养和狩猎方式所占比重很低。西关厢古代先民对动物资源进行了多样性的开发和利用,以肉食为主,还包括次级产品开发、游牧助手、骨料来源、交通运输、祭祀用牲等多个方面。结合该遗址植物考古学研究结果,我们认为西关厢地区古代先民采取了农牧兼营的方式,牧业经济甚至比农作物种植更为重要,呈现了一种较之于燕家梁遗址而言更为典型的一种牧区畜牧业方式,证实了历史文献,为深入探讨元代的社会经济状况提供了实物资料。

Through the zooarchaeolo gical research on animal remains from Xiauangxian site,the Upper Capital of Yuan Dynasty,we have insight into the animal resources which include Rapana venosa,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Aves,Myospalax,Ochotona,Lepus,Canis familiaris,Equus caballus,Equus asinus,Sus scrofa,Camelus,Cervus,Bos Taurus,Gazella sp.,Ovis aries,Capra.Sheep,goat,cattle,horse,donkey,dog,pig and camel were husbandry animals.The subsistence is mainly based on nomad,and the proportion of settled breeding and hunting is very low.The ancient person in Xiguanxiang utilized animal resources in a variety of ways,focusing on meat,including secondary product development,nomadic assistant,bone artifacts source,transportation,sacrificial animal and other aspects.Combined with archaeobotanical research,we believe that the ancient person in Xiguanxiang adopted agro-pastoral economy which nomadic is more important than agriculture.Compared with Yanjialiang site,Xiguanxiang site is one of the more typical pastoral nomadic economy,which confirmed the historical literature,to provided materials for social and economic conditions of Yuan Dynasty.