碳中和约束下的石油炼制技术与产业发展动向及展望

Development Trends and Prospects of Petroleum Refining Technology and Industry under the Constraints of Carbon Neutrality

全球对石化原料和化工产品的需求增长迅速,同时电驱动汽车销量暴增带来汽柴油消费量的快速下降,炼油业由“燃料为主”向“化工原料为主”转型已成为必然趋势。随着原油日益重质化、劣质化以及低碳烯烃市场需求的快速增长,重油催化裂解多产低碳烯烃技术成为石油炼制业研究和关注的重点。为了提高目标化学品收率和选择性,国内外炼化企业普遍采用炼化一体化技术,通过多种工艺过程组合,从“油主化辅”转向“化主油辅”。原油直接制化学品技术被认为是炼油业转型升级的颠覆性技术变革,目前主要有蒸汽裂解和催化裂解两种方式,尚处于研发与示范阶段。我国炼油产能已严重过剩,成品油消费空间受到挤压,而新材料和专用化学品却处于短缺状况,未来化工产品需求将持续增长,润滑油脂、石油沥青等特种油品消费也有较大增长潜力。针对现有炼化企业存续装置和新建炼化项目要分类施策。现有炼化存续装置要实施技术改造和升级转型,通过减油增化、“油转化”和“油转特”,最大化盘活现有炼化资产;超前布局研发和应用原油直接裂解制化学品的炼制技术;新增炼化项目要依据以化工原料为主的市场需求,将石蜡基和中间基原油以及废弃塑料制品最大化生产化工原料或高值化梯级利用。

The global demand for petrochemical raw materials and chemical products is growing rapidly,while the consumption of gasoline and diesel oil is rapidly declining due to the surge in sales of electric vehicles.The transformation of the oil refining industry from "fuel based" to "chemical raw materials based" has be-come an inevitable trend.With the increasingly heavy and inferior crude oil and the rapid growth of market demand for light olefins,the technology for catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oil for maximum light olefins has be-come the focus of research and attention in the petroleum refining industry.In order to improve the yield and selectivity of target chemicals,refining and petrochemical enterprises at home and abroad generally adopt refining and petrochemical integration technologies,and shift from "oil-dominated" to "chemicals-dominated" by combining various processes.Crude oil to chemicals technology is considered as a revolutionary technological change in the transformation and upgrading of the oil refining industry.At present,there are mainly steam cracking and catalytic cracking,which are still under research and development and demonstration.China ′ s oil refining capacity has been seriously surplus,the consumption space of refined oil is squeezed,while new materials and special chemicals are in shortage.The demand for chemical products will continue to grow in the future,and the consumption of special oil products such as lubricating grease and petroleum asphalt also has great growth potential.Different measures should be taken for existing refining and petrochemical units and new refining and petrochemical projects.The existing refining and petrochemical units should be revamped and upgraded to maximally activate the existing refining and petrochemical assets by reducing oil production and increasing chemicals production,converting oil into chemicals and converting oil into special paraffin products.Advanced research and development and application of the refining technology for direct cracking of crude oil for chemicals should be carried out.According to the market demand for chemical raw materials,new refining and petrochemical projects should maximize the production of chemical raw materials from paraffin-based and intermediate-based crude oils and waste plastic products or achieve the high-value cascade utilization of the paraffin-based and intermediate-based crude oils and waste plastic products.