创造性破坏、开发全新产品还是产品质量提升?——中国出口企业的创新维度核算

Creative Destruction,New Varieties,or Improvements of Existing Products? Innovation Accounting of Chinese Exporting Enterprises

创新对TFP的贡献可以通过新进入企业和在位企业的创造性破坏、开发全新产品和在位企业对其已有产品质量的提高实现,但现有文献缺乏对这三种创新渠道相对重要性的度量。本文利用模拟矩估计方法校准结构模型的参数,通过企业雇佣人数的变动来间接核算不同创新活动对TFP的贡献。我们发现六成以上的TFP增长来自在位企业对其已有产品的自我创新。但是,新进入企业对TFP增长的贡献从1998—2001年的17.76%提高到2002—2007年的32.98%,表明新进入企业在创新活动中愈发重要。并且,出口企业通过开发全新产品对TFP增长的贡献远远大于非出口企业;相对于出口企业,非出口企业通过创造性破坏对TFP增长的贡献更大。

The contribution of innovation to total factor productivity( TFP) can be achieved through creative destruction and development of new varieties by new entrant enterprises and incumbent enterprises,and improvement of existing products by incumbent enterprises. In this paper,we examine the relative importance of the above three innovation channels which are not studied by existing literature. We construct a mapping between different channels and changes in the number of employees,and use the method of simulated moments to calibrate the parameters of the structural model,so as to infer the contribution of different innovation channels to TFP through employment data. Our results show that more than 60% of TFP growth comes from improvement of existing products by incumbents. However,the contribution of new entrants to TFP growth increased from 17. 76% during 1998—2001 to 32. 98% during 2002—2007,suggesting that the role of new entrants in innovation has become more and more important. Moreover,we find that new exporters contribute much more to the growth of TFP through the development of new varieties than new non-exporters;compared with exporters,non-exporters contribute to the growth of TFP more through creative destruction.