面向双碳目标的灵活性资源及其激励机制均衡分析

Equilibrium Analysis of Flexible Resources and Incentive Mechanisms for the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality

双碳目标下,如何充分调用和激励系统灵活性、引导形成合理的能源结构,成为新型电力系统建设过程中亟需解决的问题。为充分揭示各类灵活性资源和不同激励机制的影响,提出一种结合双层优化模型和深度强化学习的电力市场均衡分析方法。首先,梳理新能源、抽水蓄能和需求响应等面向双碳目标的灵活性资源,从灵活性资源整合、现货市场优化调度与精细化结算、多种辅助服务产品及主辅市场联合优化、长期投资引导等维度,对激励灵活性的市场机制进行梳理和总结。然后,由各类资源的报价决策模型和电能量与灵活爬坡辅助服务联合出清模型构建双层均衡模型,并采用深度强化学习方法进行迭代求解,共同构成适应多种灵活性资源参与不同市场机制的通用型电力市场均衡分析方法。最后,通过构建高比例新能源算例,仿真计算不同灵活性资源组合、各种灵活性激励机制和不同电源结构下的市场均衡结果,进一步探讨灵活性资源及其激励机制的作用,为双碳目标下的新型电力系统建设和市场机制设计提供参考。

Under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality(CPCN), how to invoke and stimulate flexibility of resources and form reasonable energy structure becomes an urgent problem to be solved during the construction of the new-type power system. In order to fully reveal the influence of flexible resources and incentive mechanisms, we came up with an equilibrium analysis method of electricity market combining bi-level model and deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, we sorted out the flexible resources towards the goals of CPCN such as new energy, pumped storage and demand response, and from the dimensions of flexible resources integration, optimizing dispatching and reasonable settlement in spot market, multiple kinds of auxiliary service products and joint optimization with the main market, long-term investment leading, etc., to classify and conclude the market mechanisms. Secondly, the bi-level equilibrium model was constructed by the decision-making models of various kinds of resources, and joint clearing model of electricity and flexible ramping products, and the deep reinforcement learning was adopted for iterative solution. The model and algorithm together constituted a general equilibrium analysis method suitable for multiple flexible resources to participate in different market mechanisms. Finally, by constructing examples with a high-proportion new energy, we simulated market equilibrium results in a variety of scenarios, including different flexible resource combinations, various kinds of incentive mechanisms and different power structures, and further discussed the function of flexible resources and incentive mechanisms. It can provide references for the construction of new-type power system and the design of market mechanism for the goals of CPCN.