“富强”如何合乎“王道”?——张佩纶《管子学》与“洋务运动”时期的思想困境

How could Prosperity and Strength Accord with Kingly Way? A Study of Zhang Peilun’s Guanziology and Dilemma of Self-Strengthening Movement

“富强”是晚清史上的关键词之一,既有研究多集中于当时人在创办洋务等实践层面的探索,而较少关注“富强”理念本身在当时存在的思想困境。张佩纶在中法战争失败后,从“富强”的关键思想源头《管子》进行思考,适可从学术的角度反映出晚清“自强”存在的思想难题:当甲午以前中国人尚未从制度层面认知西方时,为了国家富强而“师夷”所面临的最大问题是西方“长技”和传统治国之道存在着异质与紧张。面对这一冲突,张佩纶对《管子》的阐释代表了他为当时中国筹划的一种理想出路:既国富兵强,保证在列强环伺之下独立自主;又有礼义廉耻,不致因谋求富强而悖理失道。这种阐释反映了张佩纶既借鉴西法又不能明言西方、既回归传统又不能居于正统的自强理论困境,折射出“洋务运动”时期富强模式正当性不足的基本问题。

The present paper,differentiating from the convention study of practical aspects of Yangwu(Self-Strengthening Movement),tries to shed new light on the intellectual dimension of Yangwu by investigating Guanziology,a monograph attributed to Zhang Peilun who discussed the modern concept of fuqiang(prosperity and strength) and its origin in Guanzi. It points out that Zhang’s intellectual endeavor revealed that Yangwu was in such a dilemma that it could neither openly learn from the West nor fully resort to the old orthodoxy.