戴震与荀子、朱子心性论之差异——兼评戴震“宋儒立说实同于荀子”说

Differences between Dai Zhen, Xunzi and Zhu Zi’s Theory of Mind and Nature: Comment on Dai Zhen’s Theory that “Song Confucianism Being the Same as Xun Zi”

戴震之所以作出宋儒立说“似异于荀子而实同”的判断,乃在于他与荀子、朱子的心性论模式不同。在荀子思想中,性、情、欲、心是一源的。心的功能由人性决定,心虽好利,但心也有向善的资质。朱子把人性分成义理之性与气质之性两部分。仁义来自义理,欲望来自气质,虽性体情用,但情由心所发动,因而并非全善。戴震用血气心知界定人性:心知皆善,欲、情根于血气,私欲会推动恶情遮蔽心知。三位哲人都注重解蔽与心统性情,但侧重点不同:荀子主张清除干扰心意向善的因素,以理制欲;朱子主张以性节情,通过变化气质以复归心之本体;而戴震注重清除私欲,以心节欲、以情絜情。因此,戴震对宋儒立说与荀学实同之判断不能成立。

The reason why Dai Zhen made the judgment that Song Confucianism is “seemingly different from Xun Zi’s point of view, but actually the same” is that he is different from Xun Zi and Zhu Zi in his Theory of Mind and Nature. In Xun Zi’s thought, sex, emotion, desire and heart are one source. The function of the heart is determined by human nature. Although the heart pursues interests, it also has the qualification to be good. Zhu Zi divided human nature into two parts: the nature of righteousness and reason and the nature of temperament. Benevolence and righteousness come from righteousness and reason and desire comes from temperament. Although nature, body and emotion are used, emotion is driven by heart. So it is not perfect. Dai Zhen defined human nature with blood and heart knowledge: heart and knowledge are all good, desire and emotion are rooted in blood and gas, and selfish desire will promote evil feelings to cover heart and knowledge. The three philosophers all paid attention to the deconstruction and the unification of mind and temperament, but the emphasis was different: Xun Zi advocated eliminating the factors that interfered with the good intentions and regulating desires. Zhu Zi advocated that love should be restrained by nature and the noumenon of returning to the heart should be restored by changing temperament. Dai Zhen, on the other hand, paid attention to the elimination of selfish desires, abstinence with heart and emotion. Therefore, Dai Zhen’s judgment that Song Confucianism is the same as Xun Zi Theory cannot be established.