清代“母妃”称谓考

A Study on the Appellation of “Mother Concubine” in the Qing Dynasty

清代“母妃”这一称谓多为皇帝或皇子称呼其生母或庶母时所使用,而少见非皇子出身的宗室王公称谓“母妃”的事例。考究文献可知,一方面,清朝“母妃”这一称谓日益变为皇帝及皇子的专属,其他王公贵族不得染指。另一方面,官方对“母妃”称谓一词本身也逐渐“知而不用”,“母妃”称谓遂退出了官方史书的记载。清代“母妃”称谓用法的趋严转向,展现出朝廷希望以严格的礼法界限丈量宗室与皇室的距离。同时通过对后宫称谓的管控,清朝强化了满洲旧俗与身份认同。

In the Qing Dynasty, the title of “Mother Concubine” was mostly used by the emperor or the prince to address his biological mother or concubine, but there were few cases of the royal princes who were not born of the prince addressing“Mother Concubine”. According to the literature, on the one hand, the title of “Mother Concubine” in the Qing Dynasty had increasingly become exclusive to the emperor and his son.Other princes and nobles were not allowed to touch it. On the other hand, the imperial court gradually knew but did not use the title of “Mother Concubine” and withdrew from the official historical records. The stricter use of the appellation“Mother Concubine”in the Qing Dynasty shows that the imperial court hopes to measure the distance between the imperial clan and the imperial power with strict etiquette boundaries. At the same time, through the control of the appellation of the harem, the Qing Dynasty strengthened the old customs and identity of Manchuria.