单边经济制裁和反制裁的法律规制--兼评《反外国制裁法》

Legal Regulation of Unilateral Economic Sanctions and Countermeasures

单边经济制裁和反制裁的盛行,预示着当前的多边体制、国家间争端解决机制和国际规则已经无法解决日益严重的国家间政治、贸易和经济冲突。现有国际法并没有为单边经济制裁和反制裁提供明确的合法性依据和认定标准。最根本的解决办法是积极推动相关国际规则的发展,应确立单边经济制裁的国际共识,明确单边经济制裁和反制裁的合法实体和程序标准,通过国家间争端解决机制的变革来实现高效的全球治理。此外,中国还需要密切关注《反外国制裁法》的实施效果,参考有关反措施的合法性标准,及时出台配套行政规章和实践指引,完善中国企业豁免机制和追偿机制,建立中国的反制措施体系。同时,中国的司法机关要形成体系化统一化的国内法域外适用判定标准,为《反外国制裁法》的实践提供必要的司法救济。

As an extreme embranchment of extraterritoriality,unilateral sanctions that target a whole foreign state or foreign entities have recently become a conspicuous issue in the international community.With the international legal regime failing to provide an effective approach to resolve relevant conflicts,an increasing number of states are relying on national legislation and judicatory to resist other countries’extraterritorial expansion of their national laws.The fundamental solution is to actively promote the development of relevant international rules.Firstly,the international consensus on unilateral economic sanctions should be established,and the substantive and procedural standards of unilateral economic sanctions or countermeasures should be clarified.Finally,the efficient global governance can be realized through the reform of international disputes resolution regime.Prior to that,China needs to pay close attention to the implementation of the Anti-sanctions Law,timely issue supporting administrative regulations and practical guidelines,improve the exemption mechanism and recovery mechanism of Chinese enterprises,and establish China’s anti-sanctions system.At the same time,Chinese judicial system should form a systematic and unified judicial standard for the extraterritorial application of domestic laws,and provide necessary judicial relief in the implementation of Chinese anti-sanctions measures.