我国民事自认制度的溯源、结构与解释论展开

Retrospection,Structure and Dogmatic Interpretation of China’s Civil Admission System

2019年修正的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》施行后,我国亟待展开自认规则的解释论工作。我国民事自认制度受本土文化及域外理论的叠加影响,内核是“推定自认事实为真实事实”这一经验法则,兼顾诉讼经济效率与尊重客观事实,呈现出“宽入口”“强效力”和“窄出口”的制度结构。具言之,自认的“宽入口”体现为进入机制的相对宽松,自认对象限于“于己不利”的事实,自认行为指对于己不利事实的陈述或明确承认,不以言词辩论场域为限,也不以意思要素为必要。自认“强效力”的核心为免证效,“无需举证证明”指相对方无需履行行为意义上的举证责任,审判排除效为衍生效力。此外,自认的“窄出口”包括以“意思”为建构中心的撤销机制和以“尊重客观真实”为建构中心的推翻机制,应严格解释以限缩退出机制的空间。

With the implementation of New Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Procedure,it is in urgent need to develop dogmatic interpretations on existing civil admission rules.China’s civil admission system is influenced by the superposition of local culture and foreign theories,and its core is the“presumption of admission as true facts”,a rule of thumb that balances the pursuit of economic efficiency and objective facts in litigation,which forms an institutional structure of“wide entrance”,“strong effect”and“narrow exit”.In specific,the“wide entrance”is reflected by the relatively lenient entry mechanism,the object of admission should be limited to adverse facts,and the acts of admission refer to“statement”or“express acknowledgment”of such adverse facts by the party making admission.Civil admission is not limited to the court trial and it is not a must to explore the party’s intention.The“strong effect”of admission is reflected by the exemption of providing evidence,“no need to provide evidence”means that the other party does not have to fulfill the burden of proof in the sense of producing evidence,and the derivative effect is the exclusion of such facts at trial.In addition,the exit mechanism of civil admission includes the revocation mechanism centered upon the party’s intention and the reversal mechanism centered upon“respecting objective truth”.