转让股东“反悔权”的性质界定和行使规范--以合同订立为视角

Definition of the Nature and Exercise of the“Repentance Right”of Transferring Shareholders-From the Perspective of Contract Conclusion

《公司法司法解释(四)》对有限公司转让股东“反悔权”的规定是对其他股东优先购买权制度的过度矫正,这造成了股权转让各方之间的权益失衡。从合同订立角度看,如转让股东在通知其他股东转让条件时不含有依该条件转让股权至其他股东的意思,则该通知的性质属于要约邀请,其他股东主张行使优先购买权属于要约,此时转让股东行使“反悔权”应被理解为对其他股东的要约不予承诺。反之,如转让股东含有转让意思,则行使“反悔权”应被界定为拒绝履行合同义务,应承担违约责任。现行规范未考虑转让股东履行通知义务行为的类别,导致转让股东享有过多合同自由。对此,应从明确通知性质、限制恶意规避等方面出发,对转让股东行使“反悔权”进行规范。

The provisions on the repentance right of the transferring shareholders in the fourth judicial interpretation of the company law is an excessive correction to the preemptive right system of other shareholders,which leads to the imbalance of rights and interests between the parties to the equity transfer.From the perspective of contract conclusion,if the transferring shareholder does not have the intention to transfer the equity to other shareholders according to the transfer conditions when notifying other shareholders of the transfer conditions,the notice belongs to the invitation of offer,and other shareholders'claim to exercise the preemptive right belongs to the offer.At this time,the exercise of the repentance right by the transferring shareholder should be understood as not accepting the offer of other shareholders.On the contrary,if it contains the intention of transfer,the exercise of the repentance right should be defined as refusing to perform the contractual obligations and should bear the liability for breach of contract.The current norms do not consider the types of the transferor's performance of the notification obligation,resulting in the transferor enjoying too much freedom of contract.In this regard,we should standardize the exercise of the“repentance right”from the aspects of clarifying the content of the notice and limiting malicious evasion.