小学德育教科书发展70年回顾与展望

The Review and Prospect of 70-Year Development of Moral Education Textbooks in Primary Schools

德育教科书作为专门化和权威化的道德教育形态与具象媒介,在立德树人过程中发挥了重要作用。中华人民共和国成立以来,小学德育教科书发展历经六个阶段:起步奠基、恢复调整、实验探索、渐进发展、多样并存和统编统用。其发展特征总体呈现为:价值取向从“工具价值”趋向“本体价值”,内容取向从“知识本位”转向“素养本位”,结构体例从“单独成课”走向“主题组元”,呈现方式从“单一板滞”皈向“灵活多变”。未来我国小学德育教科书发展应着力:明确教材建设指导思想,把握教材建设目标方位;构建多元融合视域,打破学科壁垒;优化教材结构体例,复归儿童生活实践;丰富教材呈现方式,提升教材创新能力。

Moral education textbooks,as specialized and authoritative moral education forms and concrete media,have played an important role in the process of moral education.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the development of moral education textbooks for primary school has gone through six stages:the starting foundation,the restoration and adjustment,the experimental exploration,the gradual development,the coexistence of diversity and the unified compilation and use.Its characteristics can be listed as follows:the value orientation changes from“tool value”to“ontology value”;the content orientation changes from being“knowledge-based”to being“competence-based”;the structure pattern changes from“separate lessons”to“theme-based units”;and the methods of presenting lessons changes from being“simple and dull”to being“multiple and flexible”.In the future,the development of moral education textbooks for primary schools in China should focus on the following:clarifying the guiding ideology of teaching material construction and grasping its goal and direction;constructing the vision of multiple fusion and breaking the disciplinary barriers;optimizing the structure of teaching materials and returning to children’s life practice;and enriching presentation methods of textbooks and enhancing their innovation ability.