规避还是制衡:权力转移中的身份竞争逻辑

Evasion or Balance:The Logic of Competition of Identity in Power Shift

在权力转移的过程中,身份竞争是一个不可忽视的问题。回顾历史发现,围绕崛起国与守成国进行的互动不尽相同,在分析权力转移中崛起国与霸权国的互动行为时,权力竞争和制度竞争提供了最为深刻和广泛的理解,地位之争的视角也从社会性的角度丰富了物质主义理论的局限,但是,仅仅从主体间互动的角度讨论地位亦稍显不足。事实上,身份视角为权力转移问题提供了更加完善的可能性解释。由身份竞争出发,文章尝试解决的核心问题是:身份竞争为何;遵循何种互动逻辑;会产生何种结果。研究发现,身份竞争是国家为维护某种或某些身份定位、争取与该身份相关的国家利益开展的竞争活动。身份竞争以身份定位为出发点,通过利益权衡,最终影响互动行为选择。崛起国与守成国进行规避或制衡的选择,可能导致四种不同结果:弱化竞争、维持现状、权力加速转移和身份竞争加剧。在分析英美和英德身份竞争互动的基础上,检验身份竞争逻辑的合理性。从崛起国的立场出发,为实现国际体系稳定,应尽量采取身份规避的互动方式。中国应坚持不称霸、不结盟的战略方针,在战略身份的互动中进行身份规避,避免竞争加剧和升级。

In the process of power transfer,competition of identity is a problem that can t be ignored.Looking back at history,it is found that the interaction between rising powers and the hegemons is not the same,and when analyzing the interaction between them in the transfer of power,power competition and institutional competition provide the most profound and extensive understanding,and the perspective of status struggle also enriches the theory of materialist from the perspective of sociality,but it is also slightly insufficient to discuss status only from the perspective of interaction between subjects.In fact,the perspective of identity offers a more complete and possible explanation for the issue of power transfer.Starting from competition of identity,the core questions that this article tries to solve are:what identity competition is;what kind of interactive logic is followed;and what kind of results will be produced.This study finds that competition of identity is a kind of competition carried out by countries to maintain some kind of positioning of identity and to fight for national interests related to that identity.Competition of identity takes positioning of identity as the starting point,and it affects the choice of interactive behavior in the end through the trade-off of interests.The choice of circumvention or counterbalancing between rising and hegemonic nations can lead to four different outcomes:weakening of competition,maintaining of status quo,acceleration of transfer of power,and intensifying the competition of identity.Based on the analysis of interaction between the identity competition between Britain and the U.S.and Britain and Germany,the rationality of the logic of identity competition was tested.From the perspective of the rising powers,in order to achieve the stability of the international system,they should try to adopt interactive approach that avoids identity competition.China should adhere to the strategic principle of non-hegemony and non-alignment,and avoid identity competition in the interaction of strategic identity so that to avoid the escalation of competition.