Emerging environmental stressors and oxidative pathways in marine organisms:Current knowledge on regulation mechanisms and functional effects

Oxidative stress is a critial condition derived from the imbalance between the genention of reactive oxygen species and the sophisticated network of antioidant mechanisms.Several pollut ants and envronmental factors can afet this system through connected mechanisms,indirect relationships,and cascade effects from pre-transcriptional to catalytic level,by either enhancing intracellular ROS formation or impairing antioxidant defenses.This review summariaces the current kmnowledge on the pro oxidant challenges from emerging environmental stressors threatening marine organisms,such as pharmaceutials microplastics and dimate related ocean changes.Emphasis will be placed on oxidative pathways,including signaling proteins and transcription factors involved in regulation of antioxidant responsiveness.Mechanistic insights and lack of knowdedge will be pointed out by presenting single and combined efects of multiple stessors,unraveling questions to be adresed by future resarch in marine ectoicology.