国家与社会的联结及其演进逻辑——以“诉办关系”为中心的理论分析

The Connection between State and Society and Its Evolution Logic——Theoretical Analysis Centered on the Demand-service Relationship

诉办关系是多元主体为解决社会问题而建构起来的关系,直接体现和反映了国家与社会之间的联结状况,是考察国家与社会关系的重要切入点。根据社会民众的“诉”与政府及其职能部门的“办”两个维度,各种各样的诉办关系大致可分为不诉不办、有诉难办和有诉就办等基本形态,呈现国家与社会关系在联结性上的差异。不同诉办关系联结的点位、速度、频度和强度等有所不同,最后问题解决的途径、节奏和结果也不一样。透过不同时代诉办关系的特性可以发现,国家与社会的联结包含了特殊的演进逻辑,具体包括从国家中心迈向社会中心、从封闭到开放、从简单粗放到琐碎精细、从公共物品到个人权益、从不对等支配到合作博弈以及从人工作业到技术治理。许多治理变革都是围绕诉办关系而展开的,比如建立12345热线、“民呼我应”改革和“接诉即办”改革等。这些改革提供了社会问题解决的新路径,也重构了国家与社会之间的联结关系。从诉办关系来切入国家与社会之间的联结状态,不仅有利于洞见诉办关系改革的实质,也提供了理解国家与社会关系及其演变的新视角和新知识。

Demand-service relationship,which is constructed by multiple subjects for solving social problems,directly reflects the connection status between state and society.It is an important starting point of examining state-society relations.According to two dimensions—the "demands" of the public and the "services" of the government and its functional departments,all kinds of demand-service relations can generally be divided into "no demands and no services","demands being processed hard","timely services to demands",etc.They show the differences in associativity of state-society relations.Various of demand-service relations are different in the point position,speed,frequency and intensity of connection,so there are also discrepancies in the ways,rhythms and results of problem solving finally.Exploring the characteristics of demand-service relations at various times,we can find that the connection between state and society contains special evolutionary logic,including the transition from state-centered model to society-centered model,from closeness to openness,from simplicity to precision,from public goods to individual interests,from unequal domination to cooperative games,and from manual operation to technological governance.Many governance reforms all revolve around the demand-service relations,such as the establishment of 12345 hotline,the reform of "stay responsive to the call of the people",the reform of "swift response to public complaints",and so forth.These reforms provide new ways to solve social problems and reconstruct the connection between state and society.Taking demand-service relations as the entry point to examine the connection status between state and society is not only beneficial to perceive the essence of reforms on demand-service relationship,but also provides a new perspective and new knowledge to comprehend state-society relationship and its evolution.